What is art free essay sample

Workmanship can't be characterized basically, there has been various definitions offered consistently yet it is on the off chance that I may, difficult to stick point one that characterize craftsmanship consummately in light of the fact that it is so expansive. In the event that I needed to characterize all that workmanship is will likely surpass an article, however a book will do Just fine. Since we can't cover all that craftsmanship Is In one paper, we will cover the fundamental thoughts regarding It. Canvases, photography, engineering, and figures, they are the nuts and bolts of workmanship, and afterward there are others that characterize some as craftsmanship, and some will dismiss those as art.Such as close to home workmanship, In which they may mean an Infinite sum by and by, however It might just be something normal to the evaluates of others. Craftsmanship Is an individual definition All that workmanship Is may not generally be workmanship. For instance, craftsmanship Is opportunity of articulation, It brings Joy, trouble, and It takes an individual however the feeling of the craftsman. We will compose a custom article test on What is craftsmanship? or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It makes lucidity and disarray however clearness and disarray Is not craftsmanship. Workmanship Is a departure however escape isn't craftsmanship. Craftsmanship is innovativeness yet imagination isn't art.Art can make you grin and chuckle, one of my preferred craftsmen named Roomer Britton gives me extraordinary ay when I see his specialty, its vivid and not every person can do, the inventive manners by which he utilizes lines, shading, and so on. His specialty has purposes; they are shown in childrens medical clinics. Workmanship is important. Some workmanship assumes you too certain position or time, regardless of whether youve been there previously or not. Craftsmanship can be a memory, regardless of whether it is an upbeat or pitiful one, it causes you to recall the feeling you were in while you made the specific piece or it may assist you with understanding the feeling of the craftsman, the things they were experiencing and their thoughts.Art is nostalgic. Workmanship encourages you get past difficult occasions and in the torment raises splendid works. One can contend that those are the main acceptable that comes out of catastrophe, workmanship incorporates understanding and an individual can bind in craftsmanship while they have nobody else to limit with. Craftsmanship is treatment. In spite of the fact that this isn't all that workmanship is nevertheless it is the thing that identifies with the greater part of us and it is something in which the vast majority of us can identify with. Workmanship is close to home and worldwide simultaneously. It may just be comprehended by one individual, in spite of the fact that it might just be seen all inclusive.

The Growing Threat Of Computer Crime Essay Example For Students

The Growing Threat Of Computer Crime Essay Running head: THE GROWING THREAT OF COMPUTER CRIMEThe Growing Threat of Computer CrimeDiana RitterBaker College of CadillacMay 9, 2001Abstract Computers have been utilized for most sorts of wrongdoing, including extortion, robbery, theft, misappropriation, thievery, damage, reconnaissance, murder, and falsification, since the principal cases were accounted for in 1958. One investigation of 1,500 PC wrongdoings set up that the vast majority of them were submitted by confided in PC clients inside organizations; people with the essential abilities, information, access, and assets. With the appearance of PCs to control data and access PCs by phone, expanding quantities of crimeselectronic intruding, copyrighted-data theft, vandalismhave been perpetrated by PC specialists, known as programmers, who show a significant level of specialized ability. For a long time, the term programmer characterized somebody who was a wizard with PCs and programming. It was a test to all programmers, and a r espect to be viewed as a programmer. In any case, when a couple of programmers started to utilize their abilities to break into private PC frameworks and take cash, or meddle with the frameworks tasks, the word procured its present negative importance. With the developing utilization of PCs and the expansion in PC violations, early location, dissuading PC wrongdoings, and new laws controlling and rebuffing these PC violations are important. Without it, turmoil will be the final product. The Growing Threat of Computer Crime Do you think your company’s PC frameworks are secure? Reconsider. Billions of dollars in misfortunes have just been found because of PC wrongdoings. Billions more have gone undetected. Trillions more will be taken, most without identification, by the developing expert criminal of the twenty first century The PC wrongdoing guilty party. What’s more awful yet is that anybody with a PC can turn into a PC criminal. Wrongdoings, for example, misappropriat ion, misrepresentation and tax evasion are not new. Be that as it may, every one of these violations presently has another unruly accomplice the PC. Violations that have gotten exceptional because of the accessibility and across the board utilization of PCs include:a. unapproved use, get to, alteration, replicating, and pulverization of programming or data;b. burglary of cash by modifying PC records of robbery of PC time;c. burglary or annihilation of hardware;d. use or connivance to utilize PC assets to submit a felony;e. aim to get data or unmistakable property, wrongfully through utilization of the PC. (Extortion Survey Results, 1993)Although occurrences in this second classification of wrongdoings do introduce a difficult issue, theft is by a wide margin the significant danger to independent companies. This is apparent by the recurrence of reports in the nearby media. Money is the most helpless resource as it is the simplest for the culprit to change over to individual use. Firm s generally helpless against burglary of cash are firms that must depend on one individual to play out the obligations of office supervisor and accountant. Having more than one representative in the workplace gives a chance to impact certain inside controls, especially division of obligations. Entrepreneurs should survey their protection inclusion for representative unscrupulousness. While there are no norms to decide accurately the measure of inclusion fundamental, the minimal expense of including an extra $1,000 of inclusion diminishes as the inclusion increments. An entrepreneur ought to talk with a protection specialist and decide in favor of alert, as a sanity check. Despite the fact that robbery of cash is a significant subject when talking about PC wrongdoing, there are likewise numerous different zones to be worried about. A portion of the PC violations for the 21st century will include:Communication wrongdoings (cell robbery and phone misrepresentation). Low-tech cheats in air terminals and transport terminals use optics to take calling card get to numbers. Cheats will stop their vans along occupied interstate parkways and utilize specific gear to take cell phone get to codes from the air. This is only the tip of the â€Å"iceberg†. We will compose a custom paper on The Growing Threat Of Computer Crime explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Business. Most financial today is finished by electronic motivation. Subsequently, access to business PCs rises to access to cash (and bunches of it). Sentenced PC programmer, John Lee, an author of the scandalous â€Å"Master’s of Deception† programmer bunch expressed that he could change charge card records and bank adjusts, get free limousines, plane tickets, and lodgings (without anybody being charged), change utility and lease rates, circulate PC programming programs allowed to everywhere throughout the web, and effectively acquire insider exchanging data. Imagine†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦this is only one individual. Think about all the many â€Å"hackers† that are out there. PC following. One sort of PC criminal quickly developing is the â€Å"cyber stalker†. One such stalker, the pedophile, rides the net hoping to manufacture associations with little youngsters or young ladies and afterward embarks to meet them face to face to seek after his/her sexual intensions. This sort of action likewise prompts merchants of youngster sex entertainment over the web. Virtual violations. Stock and bond misrepresentation is as of now showing up on the web. Stocks and securities that show up available are effectively exchanged (for a brief timeframe) and afterward vanish. These stocks and bonds are nonexistent-just the electronic driving forces are perused. One must note, be that as it may, regardless of how cunning the programmer, the most genuine security danger in many undertakings is secret phrase burglary. Secret word taking is the â€Å"holy grail† of hacking. When a username/secret key mix has been discovered, the programmer has free rein to misuse that client account. Firewalls, interruption recognition frameworks, encryption, and different countermeasures are feeble. Here, programmers a get a grip of a substantial client name and secret phrase, in addition to the correct URL or dial up number, and can utilize these to take your touchy information. Programmers can likewise utilize projects, for example, â€Å"sniffers† to take your touchy information. These projects search for specific data, for example, passwords or Mastercard numbers in which the programmers pivot and use to their advantage. A year ago, a supposed â€Å"sniffer† was utilized to take in excess of 100,000 credit numbers which were put away on the server of a web access supplier. The main ten sorts of cutting edge crime are accounted for as:1. Infection contamination 83%;2. Harsh utilization of the web 69%;3. PC robbery 58%;4. Unapproved insider utilize 40%;5. Media transmission extortion 27%;6. Data burglary 21%;7. System break-in 20%;8. Harm 14%9. Money related extortion 12%10. Dynamic wiretap 4%. (PC Security Institute for the FBJ)As you can see, PC wrongdoing isn’t constrained to any one region or business. Furthermore, nothing supports familiarity with PC security better than a couple of broadly promoted penetrates. In 1998, a government investigator charged a previous representative of Forbe’s Inc with disrupting Forbes PCs. The blamed looked for retribution after his excusal in 1997 by tying up one of Forbe’s PC lines, from his home phone, for a sum of 55 minutes. The organization expressed it resembled putting Krazy Glue in the phone line. Evaluated harm $100,000. In 1999, notwithstanding Microsoft’s claims that it took â€Å"advanced† abilities to make a hack in its free, online Hotmail administration, which uncovered a great many user’s accounts. Security specialists said the hack was in reality very â€Å"user friendly† and handily shared. In August, 2000, Supermarket extraordinary â€Å"Safeway† had neglected to get its site going fourteen days after a presumed programmer append prompted its conclusion. The sight was closed down after various customers got an email trick instructing them to shop somewhere else. In 1994-95, a sorted out wrongdoing bunch headquartered in St. Petersburg, Russia, moved 10.4 million dollars from Citibank into accou nts everywhere throughout the world. Russian programmer, Vladimiv Levin, was accused of misrepresentation and indicted by a government excellent jury in New York. He was condemned to 3 years in jail and requested to pay $240,000 compensation to Citibank. In February 2000 it was accounted for that programmer assaults on destinations, for example, Yahoo and Ebay brought about misfortunes of 1.2 billion dollars. The assaults were started by programmers who entered uncertain servers facilitated by enormous associations like colleges and research establishments. These locales were tormented by â€Å"denial of service† assaults. (switches interfacing the webpage to the remainder of the Internet have been overwhelmed with so much phony traffic that the switch gets incapable to adapt. When this is accomplished, certifiable clients get themselves incapable to get associated). Different locales influenced by â€Å"denial of service† incorporate CNN, Zdnet, Buy.com, and ETRADE ga thering. These destinations experienced lulls in administration of 45 minutes as long as 5 hours. With the endless danger to PC security, there are a few distinct projects accessible to help monitor your significant data. Coming up next is a review of a portion of these programs:SilentRunnerTM. SilentRunnerTM is an inner system security apparatus and is intended to identify and report arrange dangers that begin from inside your system. SilentRunnerTM is a detached, multi-practical programming device that screens arrange action progressively, delivering a virtual image of system utilization and vulnerabilities. Since SilentRunnerTM is inactive and doesn't present extra traffic on a system, it stays undetected by arrange clients, without abusing a company’s protection codes. It functions as a supplement to outer gadgets, for example, firewalls and interruption location, and gives the most elevated level of interior security accessible in the business. Omniguard/ITA (Intruder Al ert). Omniguard/ITA is an ongoing, security occasion screen that empowers sec

Writing Consulting with Non-Traditional Students Some Advice Richmond Writing

Writing Consulting with Non-Traditional Students Some Advice Richmond Writing I want to thank Writing Consultant Megan Reilly for providing the advice that follows. Megan has assisted Dr. Leathermans HRM 398 course this fall in The School of Continuing Studies. This type of work is more common now at Richmond, yet often our 18-22 year old undergraduates find the experience to be daunting. I know the feeling; when I was new to teaching, I found it difficult to assist writers who might have been my parents age. It was hard to correct them. The theorists whose work we read in the Eng. 383 course leave it as an open question whether its fair, or ethical, to make assumptions about writers based upon their ages. The professional literature often portrays non trad students as more engaged in learning, better prepared for meetings, more likely to start work early. At the same time, the flip side of this stereotype notes they may have full-time jobs, families, and other civic and personal responsibilities that our (in comparison) carefree undergraduates do not.  Lets see what Megan has to say about these writers and how we can provide effective assistance to them. I think that one of the biggest worries that Writing Center Consultants have about working with nontraditional students is the fact that there typically is a considerable age difference between consultants and SCS students.  Im sure both parties do not want any type of awkwardness because of this age difference.  SCS students are at a very different place in their lives than undergraduate students, and that is something to take note of; however, you do not want this to be a barrier between a good or bad session. One of the biggest differences that Ive noticed between UR undergrads and SCS students is that because SCS students can have regular, full-time jobs and families, this makes it harder to meet in person.  I still encourage all of the students in Dr. Ds HRM class to meet with me at the Boatwright Library.  When they do, I try to be as prepared as possible and go over the exact same issues that I would bring up with undergrads: content, sentence structure, organization, transitions, APA (or MLA) format.  If Dr. Ds students cannot meet with me in person I have them e-mail me their papers.  I provide comments via the Review feature in Microsoft Word and also e-mail them my thoughts and tell them to e-mail me if they have any questions! It is not uncommon that I look over a couple different drafts and rewrites of the same paper for one student. I have also consulted with SCS students that have had trouble writing in EnglishEnglish was not their first language.  In many ways this can be a daunting task because you do not want to correct  everything wrong in that students paper.  I suggest choosing a couple sentences that display sentence structural errors (because this could most definitely be the case) and write how such a sentence should be written.  Have the SCS student try to correct these errors themselves when going through their paper. I, personally, do not find working with SCS students that much different than UR undergrads.  I think both dynamics require patience and maturity on the part of the Consultant.  I believe that it is very important to be prepared, have constructive criticism, and that sense of maturity.   You need to show SCS students that you are capable of helping them improve in their writing, even if you are an undergraduate.  When I went to introduce myself to Dr. Ds class one student asked my how long had I been working in the Writing Center.  The question threw me off-guard at first, but I came to realize that this was a valid question.  As the Writing Consultant for this HRM class it was my job to show that I had experience both in the Writing Center and within my own classes.

Foundations of Technology Management - 2522 Words

There is little doubt that technological advances have made our lives easier. Thanks to them the world has become a much smaller place. We can now traverse the Oceans in a matter of hours. We can stay up to the minute with current affairs via the expansive news networks available through various media, including the internet. Gone are the days of the home based phone being our only option to communicate (voice) with loved ones and friends. Think of a world without heat in the winter and air conditioners in the summer. It existed believe it or not! A lot of our manual tasks are taken up by machines, which manufacture, assemble and pack the products for them. People are leading longer and healthier lives due to development of vaccines†¦show more content†¦The term disruptive innovation was first introduced by Harvard Professor Clayton Christensen in his book The Innovator’s Dilemma (1997). In his book, Christensen suggests that â€Å"successful companies can put t oo much emphasis on customers current needs, and fail to adopt new technology or business models that will meet customers unstated or future needs† (Christensen, 1997). His outlook for companies that fell into this definition was not good. Many consider the term ‘Disruptive Technology’ to be synonymous with Disruptive Innovation. A widely accepted definition of Disruptive Technology is one â€Å"that changes the industry in such a way that previous competitive and business rules change† (â€Å"An E-Commerce†, 2006). Some examples of Disruptive Technologies are: the Compact Disc (CD), Video Conferencing, Cloud Computing and Software as a Service (SaaS). For my paper I will discuss two technologies, both considered disruptive. The first topic will be Software as a Service (SaaS), a successful Software technology. The Second topic will be the Iomega Zip Drive, a loser in the media storage vertical. A SaaS-sy New Kid on the Block The early roots of Software as a Service (Saas) can be traced to the 1960’s when in a technology called the time sharing system. â€Å"In the time-sharing model, several dumbShow MoreRelatedLikely Problems for the Huanghe Hydropower Golmud Solar Park1439 Words   |  6 Pagesprospecting report, some design institutes think, that there is no requirement to build some special anti-corrosion systems. However, according to the experience of supervision company in Qinghai, to be designed for anti-corrosion of the bracket and foundation is necessary, because of the erosion is enough heavy. Moreover, system design and supervision departments should establish the cooperation relationship. Supervisors always find many defects on the design of Golmud power station, while they areRead MoreInterview With A Certified Nurse Practitioner1446 Words   |  6 PagesThe roles of Advanced Nurse Practice practitioners are expanding, taking up a multitude of roles across a diversified healthcare specialties. Advance Nurse Practice practitioner stands as leader in this comprehensive profession bridging the gap in management and clinical aspect of care (McDermott Morant, 2010), reflecting the complexity of culture, organization and practice setting (Hyrkas Dende,2008) to improve the quality of patient care. This paper is about the interview with a Certified NurseRead MoreEvolution Of Business Report On Human Resource Development1447 Words   |  6 Pagestraining and development as well as payroll management among other staff related activities. The human resource objectives must be aligned with the overall organization’s objectives in order to avoid conflict of interests. 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This involves innovation in change strategies, management of diversity and roping in technology in the implementation of the humanRead MoreA Public Relation P lan For Child Cancer Foundation1419 Words   |  6 Pages ROYAL BUSINESS COLLEGE Public Relation Assignment Diploma in Business Management Level – 7 Organisational Communication MAR 8089 SUBMITTED BY: BHAUMIKKUMAR GAJJAR (C-2512) Submitted to : Prof. Gurusharan Paper code : MAR 8089 Date Submitted : 21 March 2016 Table of Content 1. Mission †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 2. Purpose †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 3. Image †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 4. Strategic Plan †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 3 5. Structure †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreWhy Is Knowledge Is Power?893 Words   |  4 Pagesrealized that the immense field of technology could be thoroughly explored only with a strong foundation and the obvious choice was to major in EEE, which was a mix of electronics, computer science and technology. 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Who Are Human Service Providers - 1352 Words

#6. What can you do to challenge your self-defeating thinking? How effective are you generally in disputing your self-defeating? Self-defeating thinking can be explained by the Corey’s as, â€Å"Those of us who are human service providers often incorporate a wide range of dysfunctional beliefs that impair our capacity to function effectively when people seek our assistance. At times we may distort the processing of information, which can easily lead to faulty assumptions and misconceptions. As helpers, we can complicate our life by believing that we must be all-knowing and perfect. If we feel depressed or agitated about the job we are doing, it is essential that we examine our basic assumptions and beliefs to determine how they are influencing†¦show more content†¦To start believing in myself more, and telling myself that I can do anything if I put my mind into it. Having these negative thoughts can be a struggle to be happy and do things that you enjoy, which can sometimes result in depression. Other challenges that might be useful is to write down things about myself and try to say something positive about myself every morning in the mirror, such as â€Å" You are beautiful†, â€Å"You are enough†, â€Å"You are smart†, etc. Doing these kind of challenges I think would be beneficial for anyone that have negative thoughts about themselves, especially people that have self-esteem and body image issues. Other challenges would be to have inspirational quotes throughout the house or on your notebook or anywhere where I could read them to remind myself that I am important, as well as read books about how to conquer negative thoughts about myself. Hopefully, one day I will do these challenges and defeat these horrible self-defeating thoughts. B. How effective are you generally in disputing your self-defeating? I am actually not very effective in disputing my self-defeating because, I feel like I am always putting myself down for some reason. Either it being big or small, I always have a negative thought about myself. The Corey’s talk about in their book how to deal with negative thoughts. â€Å"Through a collaborative effort, individuals learn to discriminate between their

The Policy of Imperialism Free Essays

Imperialism is the policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, and military control over weaker territories. It’s important because it helped extend our territories over weaker territories. I think imperialism was a proper and legitimate policy, even though it led to some bad outcomes, there were more good outcomes. We will write a custom essay sample on The Policy of Imperialism or any similar topic only for you Order Now The three countries that I chose to write about are Cuba, Philippines, and Panama. In Panama, the Panamanians allowed the United States to rent the land needed to build the Panama Canal. The U. S. wanted to build the Panama Canal because they gained control over Puerto Rico and the Philippines. The canal would allow warships to pass between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans without circling South America, making it easier to defend the United States. So the Panama Canal benefits the U. S. by allowing warships to pass between the two oceans, helping the growing trade of Asia, and making it easier to defend the United States. Many Cubans welcomed the presence of U. S. troops to restore stability, law, and order. After Cuba gained independence, President William McKinley set up a U. S. military government to administer the island. The U. S. was also interested in protecting Cuba’s independence because they wanted to restore order, establishing a provisional government. Imperializing Cuba was a good thing because under the U. S. military governor, programs of public works, education, sanitation, court reform, and self-government were instituted. In 1898, the U. S. wanted to take over the Philippines, a Spanish colony. U. S. businesses saw the Philippines as a good source for raw materials as well as a key to new markets for imports and exports. The islands were in a good strategic position for access to the markets of China. McKinley concluded that the best choice was for the U. S. was to â€Å"take and educate the Filipinos, uplift, civilize, and Christianize them. † Even though the Philippines revolted against the U. S. rule with a three year battle, imperializing the Philippines was a good thing towards America. The imperializing of many new territories, not only Cuba, Philippines and Panama, but for china, Hawaii, Mexico, Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic led to many good things for the U. S. and other countries. Take Cuba for an example, the U. S. established a provisional government and many things were instituted. In Panama, the Panama Canal helped defend the U. S. and the growing trade of Asia. The Philippines were a good source for raw materials and the United States saw them as a key for new market imports and exports. Therefore imperialism was a good policy because it led to many good things in America and other nations. How to cite The Policy of Imperialism, Papers

Reengineering Revolution Harper business â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: Does A Relationship Exist Between IT And Business? How Effective Is The Relationship For Companies? Answers: Introduction In business strategic management, a technique of business unit divestiture is mostly employed. Basically, one organizations acquisition is another ones divestiture. There are lots of reasons for divestiture. However, some of the reasons include organizational focus changes, economic performance being weak and also capital needs. Other reasons as to why business organizations sell business units may also include contractual obligations or antitrust regulations. Up to now, as many as 20,000 divestitures have been conducted globally (Repko Szostak, 2017). The total value of such processes exceeds an approximation of $900 billon. With regards to many acquisition and merger research projects, the IT functions role in a carve-out process could be rather complex. The same function is likely to be of serious strategic and financial implications for the buyers and the sellers. Lets take a case study of a company known as Roche Pharmaceuticals which experienced the same financial implications (Jones, 1991). In its case, the company was involved in the selling of vitamins division. During the process, it happened to have underestimated the IT disentanglement cost. The factor of underestimation was about twenty. Using our described case study and several other cases of risks business organizations undertake to achieve its objectives after activities of divestiture, we will discuss some of the responses business organizations make to curb the same challenges faced in such processes of carving-out. The responses we are interested in, in this case, are those that are focused on IT components. Problem Statement This paper will have to describe the milestones and phases of an IT structured divestiture project as one means of meeting the objectives of the research. The description is then followed by outline of challenges by business organizations during divestiture contracts. The final step is sharing lessons learned with regards to proper IT structured carve-out project design and management. The identified issues of concern will be solved after the identification of IT divestiture project phases. Regarding the same, there are four IT carve-out project phases in a typical organization. As shown in figure 1 above, the first phase is Pre-Signing. This phase is whereby all preparations and negotiations are performed before signing of the divestiture contract. In the same phase, a data room is established. The room contains a large volume of files and folders. The folder or files have confidential information like contracts, financial data and information regarding employees and customers. The purpose of this room is to give the buyer a chance of conducting due diligence so as to have a basis for the contract at hand. The second phase is PreClosing. It is at this point that separation jobs get planned followed by the preparation of systems. The third phase is the Transition. This is the phase in which the bulk of separation activities get done. The post cutting phase is then the last in the hierarchy. This is the step in which the physical separation gets done (Sudhakar, 2012). Research Questions and Research Aim As mentioned before, this research proposal paper has discussed a typical carve-out project case study in the introductory section. However, the main activity involving the discussion of learnt lessons concerning IT management in divestiture of business units is yet to be done. The main objective of this paper is to solicit the feeling that business organizations have the potential of creating IT environments which are divestiture-ready through the preparation of IT-structured carve-out projects. All in all, the paper will prove that there exists a relationship between business and IT. By doing so, the paper shall have answered the following research question: Literature Review IT Work Stream in Divestitures The work stream of IT, in this case, is made up of four other sub-streams. These sub-streams include: IT Infrastructure This sub-stream is made up of networks, desktop PC, voice, access issues of business partners and data centers. IT Applications It is made up of data pertaining to GC applications, IPS applications, local and financial reporting applications. IT Organization This sub-stream is made up of HR issues like key personnel. IT Contracts This section is responsible for the assessment and identification of legal issues and licenses with regards to hardware and software transfer. However, there is another sub-stream that came to be added after complexities associated with IT sites. The sub-stream is: Country Coordination It is associated with the management of carve-out impacts. IT Infrastructure In the closing phase, the WAN separation, back-office services and voice operations are essential in the satisfaction of compliance requirements. The same are also vital in the delivery of IT services to buyers in the entire Transition phase. In the current business world, most organizations use SAP and Microsoft technology for groupware, e-mail and resource planning. Having the support services transferred is less problematic. As match as there could be separation difficulties at times, standard applications usage makes the system able to be moved with ease. The same also creates an easy integration route for IT support staff of any transacting companies (Limbach Jong, 014). IT Theories There are a lot of revolutionary changes that have influenced the manner in which the business organizations employ IT in their operations. The major concern for most IT managers is the integration of IT in the development of strategies (Hammer Stanton, 1995). To ensure success, many business organizations have strive to breach the gap of IT and business alignment through the application of different IT frameworks. One such framework is reengineering of business processes. Such processes are business activities with direct effects on customers. Almost every organization in the current business world has such a processes integrated in the company system. Some of these business processes include: Manufacturing Processing of orders Generation of invoices Payment of bills Provision of customer service All the named processes can also be reengineered. The steps associated with efforts of reengineering of business process are outline in the table below: During the activity of process reengineering, the business organizations processes that require reengineering need to be identified. Some of the outcomes associated with processes of reengineering include: Profit increase Costs reduction Quality improvement Provision of better services. For this particular activity, a reengineering team is needed. The process of reengineering also requires commitment from the management body. To ensure that the engineering process is smoothly executed, the engineer in charge is required to have a profile that includes: Processorientation Perspectives that are holistic Creativity Restlessness Enthusiasm Optimism Persistence Tact Team Player Communication Skills. All the highlighted skills are what would ensure that the engineer performs successful process reengineering execution. IT Role in Processes Implementation In the whole business process reengineering activity, IT gets introduced in the implementation stage. Take for instance, companies dealing in the manufacture of automobile. Most of these companies had centers for design activities in a given location and canters for manufacturing activities in a different location. There was also a different location for marketing offices. In such a case, information had to be drafted from one center of operation to the other. The sending of information back and forth took a lot of weeks before the final process of manufacture commenced. However, the introduction of communications technology and IT has ensured that the transfer of information is faster than it used to be (Hammer Stanton, 1995). Information is sent to the Internet where every center requiring the same picks it from. In real sense, the turn-around time happens to be reduced through the employment of IT. It is the reengineering assignment output that then becomes the input for IT implementation. The above illustration shows that the integration of IT reduces the cycle time required to attend to customers. Other advantages associated with IT integration in reengineering processes include: IT being used to reduce turn-around time Reducing the chances of fraudulent activities Reducing corruption chances Assurance of increased precision and accuracy in case the IT systems are properly implemented Increased work quality in a reduced timeframe Increased work results quality Quick communication Faster information dissemination between stakeholders and customers Efficient tracking of progress using IT tools However, for an organization to have all the highlighted benefits achieved, the employees have to be properly trained regarding the use of IT applications or any other technology likely to be employed. Upon determining that processes are able to automate, IT tools, software and hardware are able to be employed in the implementation of processes. It is the duty of IT project managers to supervise this stage. In case the IT systems happen to be ready, they are made available to employees and users within the organization. Some of the tools used in the implementation of IT systems in this stage include: Tools for project management Database technologies Voice and data communication technologies Networking technologies Web and ecommerce technologies Methodology Data Collection The main aim of this paper is to outline a professional research proposal that gives a projection on the existing relationship between business and IT. From the same, the report will then answer the research question of whether the relationship between IT and business is effective for companies as it seems or not. To solicit the required response the paper bases its research activity on Australian data. According to the obtained information, there are key indicators regarding IT implementation in business processes. They include: Internet access Broadband usage Web presence Presence of social media Internet commerce Data Analysis According to the above table: More than 50% of Australias business population reported a web presence. With regards to industrial report, a total of 76% of organizations with a web presence reported the availability of recreation services and arts. This was the highest proportion. Forestry agriculture and fishing industries gave 12% of organizations having a web presence. This happened to be the lowest proportion. Thirty-eight percent of Australian businesses reported presence of social media presence. However, sixty-three percent of business organizations with a social media presence happened to have recorded a range of 200 employees or more. Those organizations with twenty to two hundred workers represented sixty three percent. By the end of 2016, fifty-seven percent of business organizations used the Interne to placed orders. Another thirty-seven percent use the internet to receive orders. The income generated from such orders totaled to approximately $321 billion (Bhattacherjee, 2001). According to the information provided in the table above: Forty-nine percent of businesses happened to be innovation-active in 2015-16 financial year. Fifty-eight percent of businesses in the retail trade, manufacturing and recreation/arts industries were innovation-active. This happens to be the highest proportion. Forty-three percent of business organizations came up with at least one kind of innovation. Regarding the introduced innovations, managerial or organizational processes produced the highest proportion which was 23%. Twenty-four percent of businesses had ongoing innovation development processes. Significantly improved or new marketing methods happened to be the innovation most likely to be under development with a 12% proportion. Findings and Analysis Basically, the conceptual framework and the hypotheses of the study got tested using regressions. In the same way, the antecedents effect on the level of IT employment got examined. From the obtained results, it is clear that IT embeddedness and project risk create a positive relationship with the usage of IT. We can also conclude that the level of IT usage portray the fact that project teams largely employ IT in case the project in question is vital to the organization and thus, its failure is likely to cause a detrimental impact on the organization. With the findings, we can support IT research activities arguing that project teams would collect and disperse information through the use of various IT tools. Such would be to ensure that risks are reduced as well as to enhance processes of decision making. The findings also show that there is a great importance of having workers who are committed and enthusiastic. These individuals should also be able to support and promote the use of given IT tools. The finding is in line with previous research findings regarding the significance of innovation adoption. All in all, a positive relationship between the extent of IT embeddedness and level of usage in business processes shows how much important the integration of IT is vital. The same is significant in the maximization of advantage. Discussion In the analysis section, the data provided was used to examine IT usage antecedents. The same was also used to determine if the usage of IT influences product performance. From the result, an empirical evidence can be solicited that the level at which IT is employed has a large impact on overall managerial performance. As much as little evidence is provided regarding the level at which IT affects market speed, much is provided regarding impacts on product performance within the marketplace. We can, therefore, note that IT usage in organizations add more value every process. It is important to note that speed to market, in this case, happens not to be the rationale for investments; but rather, IT employment in processes like production among others. According to other research activities on the same, unless an organization employs IT in its processes and employee activities, benefits shall not be realized as expected (Armstrong Sambamurthy, 1999). Therefore, business organizations tha t need increase the employment of given IT tools integrate and incorporate those given tools in their processes of development. Having these tools embedded in the efforts of product development involves: Provision of training Encouragement of champions Supply of support Use of particular tools Projects or business organizations that fail in the outlined obligations always ?nd themselves using lots of cash on IT software and hardware with no benefits from such spending sprees. Conclusion In the abstract section, we discussed the fact that global multi-business organizations use the strategy of business unit divestiture to have their portfolios adjusted. However, these business unit divestiture originate from regulatory pressures, legal pressures or rather a response towards the ever changing business strategies. On the contrary, with the current acquisition and merger projects, many business organizations find themselves going for carve-out projects. These projects critically depend on IT systems thus they are likely to be excluded from processes of due-diligence (Anderson Gerbing, 1991). From the same piece of information, this paper presented a typical carve-out project case study analysis (with regards to a business unit divest) and also discuss the learnt lessons concerning IT management in divestiture of business units. In the paper, we learnt that business organizations have the potential of creating IT environments which are divestiture-ready. By so doing, th ese organizations have themselves prepared IT-structured carve-out projects. All in all, this paper has outlined a professional research proposal aimed at proving a projection on the existing relationship between business and IT. The report has also answered the research question of whether the relationship between IT and business is effective for companies as it seems or not; basing the research activity on Australian data (Anderson Gerbing, 1991). Limitations and Recommendations Our proposal happens to be subject to inherent limitations regarding cross-sectional designs with focus on single informants usage. On the contrary the question under discussion; the role of IT in business processes has contributed in the mitigation of this particular weakness. As much as the measures used in this discussion are acceptable, there is a possibility that they can be improved. Research activities to be performed in the future need to refine and incorporate such measures since they have just received theoretical attention but yet to obtain empirical attention. Research activities to be done in future should also have IT usage examined as a way of determining whether the IT usage antecedents and the relationship between performance and usage are speci?c to a given organization. Further investigation should also be performed to determine the relationship between speed to market and IT usage. Also, in as much as this research paper shows the in?uences of given contextual fac tors with regards to IT usage, research activities that would be performed in future need to analyze the existing dependencies between IT usage and antecedent contextual factors; and also between product performance and IT usage. Such cases should then be evaluated by modeling structural equations for the purpose of generating a picture that is more complete (Aiken West, 1991). Reference Agarwal, R., Tanniru, M., and Wilemon, D. (1997). Assimilating Information Technology Innovations: Strategies and Moderating In?uences. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 44(4): 34758. Aiken, L. S., S. G. West. 1991. Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions. Sage, Newbury Park, CA. Anakwe, U., Igbaria, M., and Anandarajan, M. (2000). Management Practices across Cultures: Role of Support in Technology Usage. Journal of International Business Studies 31(4):65366. Anderson, J. and Gerbing, D. (1991). Predicting the Performance of Measures in a Con?rmatory Factor Analysis with a Pretest Assessment of Their Substantive Validities. Journal of Applied Psychology 76(5):73240. Armbrecht, F.M.R., Chapas, R.B., Chapelow, C.C., Farris, G.F., Friga, P.N., Hartz, C.A., McIlvaine, M.E., Postle, S.R., and Whitwell, G.E. (2001). Knowledge Management in Research and Development. Research-Technology Management 44(4):2849. Armstrong, C. and Sambamurthy, V. (1999). Information Technology Assimilation in Firms: The In?uence of Senior Leadership and IT Infrastructures. Information Systems Research 10(4):30427. Armstrong, J.S. and Overton, T.S. (1977). Estimating Non-response Bias in Mail Surveys. Journal of Marketing Research 14(3):396402. Barczak, G. and Sultan, F. (2006). Use IT or Lose It. Marketing Management 15(2):304. Bharadwaj, S., A. Bharadwaj, E. Bendoly. 2007. The performance effects of complementarities between information systems, marketing, manufacturing, and supply chain processes. Inform. Systems Res. 18(4) 437453. Bhattacherjee, A. 2001. Understanding information systems continuance: An expectation-con?rmation model. MIS Quart. 25(3) 351370. Bhattacharya, C. B., R. N. Bolton. 1999. Relationship marketing in mass markets. J. N. Sheth, A. Parvatiyar, eds. Handbook of Relationship Marketing. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, 327354. Boh, W. F., D. Yellin. 2006. Using enterprise architecture standards in managing information technology. J. Management Inform. Systems 23(3) 163207. Boundless. (2017). The Impact of External and Internal Factors on Strategy. Boundless. Retrieved 17 June 2017, from https://www.boundless.com/management/textbooks/boundless-management-textbook/strategic-management-12/strategic-management-86/the-impact-of-external-and-internal-factors-on-strategy-419-1549/ Hammer, M. Champy, J. (2001). Reengineering the Corporation: A Manifesto for Business Revolution. London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing. Hammer, M. Stanton, S.A. (1995). The Reengineering Revolution. HarperBusiness, HarperCollins Publishers Inc., New York, 1995. Hancock, J. T., L. E. Curry, S. Goorha and M. Woodworth: 2008, On Lying and Being Lied to: A Linguistic Analysis of Deception in Computer-Mediated Communication, Discourse Processes 45, 123. Hancock, J. T.: 2007, Digital Deception: Why, When and How People Lie Online, in A. N. Joinson, K. Y. A. McKenna, T. Postmes and U.-D. Reips (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Internet Psychology (Oxford University Press, Oxford), pp. 289301. Internet Crime Complaint Center: 2008, 2007 Internet Crime Report, National White Collar Crime Center, https://www.ic3.gov/media/annualreports.aspx. Jones, C., W. S. Hesterly and S. P. Borgatti: 1997, A General Theory of Network Governance: Exchange Conditions and Social Mechanisms, Academy of Management Review 22(4), 911945. Jones, T. M.: 1991, Ethical Decision Making by Individuals in Organizations: An Issue-Contingent Model, Academy of Management Review 16, 366395. Leimeister J. M. Bhm M. (2012). Managing IT In A Business Unit Divestiture. Managing IT in a Business Unit Divestiture. Retrieved 17 June 2017, from PDF. Limbach, R., Jong, T. (2014). Designing discovery learning environments: process analysis and implications for designing an information system. International Journal of Learning Technology, 1(2), 147. Mayer, R.J. deWitte, P.S., (Undated). Delivering Results: Evolving BPR from Art to Engineering. Avialable online at https://www.idef.com/pdf/bpr.pdf Repko, A.F. Szostak,R. (2017). Interdisciplinary Research: Process and Theory (3rded.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Rusu. L. Alaceva C. (2014). Computers in Human Behavior. Barriers in Achieving Business/IT Alignment in a Large Swedish Company. Retrieved 17 June 2017, from www.elsevier.com/locate/comphumbeh Sudhakar (2012). The Role of IT in Business Process Reengineering. CONOMICA. Retrieved 17 June 2017, from P

The Importance Of Mining Industry Essays - Mining,

The Importance of Mining Industry The importance of mining is definitely significant to Canada. Mining, is an important industry, and Canadians are very advanced in their mining technology, but during the mining process, there is certain level of pollution produced. The Canadian government and the mining companies have very good plans and controls toward this problem, while ensuring the smooth running of the industries, and also helping to create strong economy and employment. The world of today could not exist without mineral products. Canada produces about 60 minerals and ranks first among producing countries1. As well, Canada is the largest exporter of minerals, with more than 20 per cent of production shipped to world markets2. In a typical year, the mining industry is responsible for almost 20 per cent of Canada's total export earnings3 (See Appendix A). As for the employment rate, over 70 per cent of the mines are owned by Canadians and approximately 108,000 Canadians are directly employed in the mining industry4. Mining is very important in Canadian life. Not only do the products power the family car and heat the family home, the manufacturing sector, the high tech industries and even the better known resource industries are all dependent, in some way, on the mining industry. The mining industry will continue to be an important support to the economy. Mining is taking full advantage of the quick expansion of computers and microelectronics. These technologies are found in nearly every aspect of mineral development activity - from exploration methods, through production, mineral processing and even marketing. Computers and related equipment now have a lot of different applications in geophysical logging, geochemistry, geological mapping and surface contouring5. At the mine planning stage, the job of designing a mine is now greatly simplified by automation. Through the use of advanced software, geological models can be produced from drill hole data. Computers are also being used to develop plans for mine expansion, develop mining schedules for yearly, quarterly and in some cases, weekly operations. At the operating stage, this new technology is everywhere6. Both in research and operational applications, automated mine monitoring systems now determine immediate information on the status of equipment in underground or remote locations. Canada produces its 60 mineral products from roughly 300 mines across the country7. Before these products can make the trip from mines to the marketplace, they must be searched for, staked, tested, analyzed, developed. There are many difference methods to mine for minerals, an "open pit" mine is one of the method we use today. The ore - waste material along with the minerals, is recovered directly from the surface. Drilling rigs are used to drill holes into the ore areas and blasting charges will be set in them to break loose the ore. The ore: first stop is at the primary crushing station, often located underground, where the large chunks of ore are crushed to a finer size. Further crushing is required prior to sending the ore to the mill where it is ground to a fine powder8. The purpose of crushing and grinding is to free the minerals from the rock. Treatment may consist of gravity or chemical concentration techniques. The end product of the mill is a concentrate, whereby the percentage of valuable mineral has been increased by a factor of 10 to as much as 50 times contained in the ore9. The concentration operation may be complicated or relatively simple, depending on the mineral content of the ore. Milling processes are designed to separate the valuable minerals from the undesired minerals. Although the milling process separates valuable minerals from waste, it does not actually recover the metals in final form. The smelting operation treats the metal-bearing concentrate further, up-grading it to purer form called "matte". Basically: The ore concentrates are mixed with other materials and treated at high temperatures to change the material to other chemical forms. The metal in the matte can be separated further. Further treatment is applied to the final purification of the metal and finishing to the standards required in the metal-using industries. Mining, as we understanding, is a very important industry. But there are underlying dangers to our environment. Mining companies and the government have realized this problem, and regulations and controls have been applied to it. The major environmental problem usually results from the processing and transportation of mineral products rather than from the actual mining process. Example: when an oil spill has occurred in the ocean, the problem caused to the environment is very big, because gallons of oil is spilling over the ocean's surface, resulting in the death of many ocean organisms, and in the pollution of the ocean. (See Appendix B) In this article,

buy custom Marxism essay

buy custom Marxism essay Marxism is the most intriguing alternative vision in this chapter. This was developed by Marx and Friedrich Engels. For them, history moved through the following stages: feudalism, capitalism, socialism to communism respectively. They came up with scientific socialism, which was embedded in a materialist history theory. Marx and Engel claim that history consisted of continuous forms of exploitative productions and consequent rebellions against those productions; that what mattered was production of goods and the societys organization into classes of producers and that of exploiters (616). All this was in response to the Utopian socialism that had been previously developed by Fourier; Marxism contrasted utopian socialism. It criticized the post 1915 Europe that overemphasized on production. I found this alternative very interesting because of Marx and Engels prediction concerning the proletarian revolution. They argued that as industrialization advanced, more people would fall into the working class; the common people would not be able to have a share of this wealth, since it was monopolized by the capitalists. This gap between the wealthy capitalists and the poor masses would result in overproduction; while there would be under consumption and consequently the capitalists would get lower profits. This meant that the workers receive lower wages and or stay unemployed, thus triggering a revolution. This revolution would end the possession of private property, thus ending exploitation. Though the uprisings of the 1848 in European countries did not succeed, I feel that this alternative was the best. If the workers overthrew capitalism then the social landscape would change for the better (618). This alternative seems so practical unlike the previous Utopian socialism. It is important in the world history course since it is what that led to the uprisings of 1848 in some of the European countries such as France, Italy and others; led to more changes in the social landscape and brought about different views about Confucianism, which had is significant to the understanding of the world history. Buy custom Marxism essay

Training Responsibilities of Supervisors and Managers Dissertation

Training Responsibilities of Supervisors and Managers - Dissertation Example The supervisors and managers, therefore, have a responsibility to look after the needs and aspirations of the employees who work under their aegis and are trying their utmost to give in the best, on a proactively consistent basis. The training realms within any organization remain significant in entirety because the training modules teach so much more than merely training the employees. They tell them the basics related to conducting their respective chores, tasks, and undertakings. They also dictate the exact basis through which work processes get manifested in entirety. What is even more significant is an understanding that the supervisors and managers play their necessary roles at inculcating the kind of training that is needed by the organization in essence. The HRD department is therefore dependent on the supervisors and managers but what is ambiguous is the fact that these supervisors and managers are not a part of this HRD philosophy at all. The supervisors and managers hold t he fort for the organization when it comes to training and its imparting for the sake of the employees who are present in different departments of the organization. The organizations, therefore, find the best ways and means through which the HRD can become an independent department and work on its own to achieve the end objectives and results; all of which remain significant on a proactive basis. The list of responsibilities might comprise of preparing training procedures and plans for the employees, drafting policies which can tell them exactly what to expect of their relevant domains both in the short term as well as in the long run, and coordinating with clients and stakeholders on a constant basis. The training procedures are important to ascertain because these take into consideration the aspects of inculcating the true spirits of the organization on to the employees who remain significant during such undertakings. The supervisors and managers need to come out of their related realms to make sure that the employees are on track and are able to complete their jobs in a proper way.

Frederick Douglass and His Activism Research Paper

Frederick Douglass and His Activism - Research Paper Example At the age of six, he witnessed the cruelty of masters to slaves. Being a black child, the law required him to become a slave just like his mother. Frederick did not have a chance to attend school except for a little guidance from the wife of his master (Schmitt 6). However, this opportunity did not last long. Frederick took every opportunity to learn and his efforts made him a good orator. He used this skill to create a positive impact in society. Frederick spent his life advocating for justice in society. He was a vessel of justice in society. Frederick adopted principles that guided his life and actions (Reed 4). Despite his status as a slave, he believed in himself, and was always confident that one time he shall achieve what he believed. He did not let the determination to change his situation and that of others die. Although slavery shattered his ego and value as a man, he fought tirelessly and eventually rose above this. Contrary to what others could do or did, Frederick start ed the fight against the horrors of slavery when he was still a slave. He opposed the serious whipping that slaves received from their masters. With the little knowledge of formal education that he received from his master’s wife, he opened a school for slave children. ... Because of his skills as an orator, he created an impact among people. However, he could not disclose specific information for fear of recapture back to slavery (10). The abolitionists promoted him to an antislavery agent because of his intriguing speeches on the suffering if slaves. This promotion granted him an opportunity to lobby for end to slavery. He used this opportunity well as he traversed different cities making speeches at different campaigns. Out of faith in himself, he had learnt how to write and in 1845, he released his first autobiography. This autobiography carried the story of plight in a slave home and his experiences as a slave. From the story of his life, he painted a picture of the real sate of a slave in the minds of many. The autobiography, a narrative of his life preached his message everywhere as it sold as far as Britain. However, publishing the narrative increased the risk of recapture back into slavery. Therefore, he left for Europe. Being in a foreign lan d did stop him from delivering speeches advocating for the end of slavery. Having gained experience in lecturing, he continued doing that in Britain, Ireland, and Scotland. The commitment to fight for the freedom of fellow man earned him fame. Advocates in England helped him buy his freedom from slavery. Now a free man, he was determined to do much more to end slavery, which denied human beings basic rights. Frederick returned to United States with a new strategy in his mind. He ventured into journalism for the sole purpose of being the voice of the oppressed in society. He launched the North Star, a paper expressing his views on slavery. In a short time, he wrote different papers supporting his activism in

Impacts of Volcanic Eruptions on Urban Communities

Impacts of Volcanic Eruptions on Urban Communities Volcanoes, Environment and People Degree Assessment Compare and contrast the impacts of volcanic eruptions on urban communities in pre industrial and post – industrial evolution societies. Introduction The industrial revolution refers to a period in history that roughly occurred between 1760 and 1840, which saw the transition from old to newer manufacturing processes. It is regarded as a major turning point in history, influencing most aspects of daily life, even today. The revolution saw a change from traditional hand production to the use of more modern tools, machines and new technologies. Technology became more advanced and its use became more significant. Gaillard (2007) suggests that pre industrial revolution societies, like those discussed in this essay had a more intimate relationship with the natural environment, which plays a key role when assessing the impacts of a volcanic eruption. In this essay I will firstly compare the impacts of a pre and post industrial revolution eruption of Mount Vesuvius. Their impacts on urban communities will then be discussed in comparison with the more recent eruptions of Eldfell in Iceland and the Soufriere Hills volcano in Montserrat. For the purposes of this essay urban communities will be defined as a substantial group of buildings or people in one area. To assess the impacts of a volcanic eruption on an urban community, the nature of the community will need to be considered. Impacts of the eruption will vary between communities depending on a number of factors including closeness to the eruption, infrastructure, transport links, predication and preparation and the overall development of the community (Marzocchi et al., 2004). Different types of volcanic events will also produce different types of hazard (pyroclastic flows, tephra fallout, and gas emissions) which also need be considered in the assessment of a volcanic eruption. Pre Industrial Revolution Vesuvius, AD79 Mount Vesuvius is located in a densely populated area, with thousands of people living on its flanks and in the immediate vicinity of the volcano (Marzocchi et al., 2004). In the past Vesuvius has produced several large eruptions, including the most well known eruption which destroyed the town of Pompeii in AD79. This was a VEI5, Plinian eruption that consisted of two stages. Usually Plinian eruptions are classified by three stages; an initial eruption phase with a sustained eruptive column of gas and pyroclastic material; a second phase in which the eruption column collapses and generates pyroclastic flows which could reach speeds of up to 100km/h and finally the generation of dense, rapid mudflows generated by water on steep slopes (Barberi Zuccaro, 2006). In the case of the Vesuvius eruption in AD79 only stage one and two occurred. There were no mudflows, only pyroclastic flows. (Lirer et al., 1973). The eruption produced a 32km high eruption column and extensive tephra all out south of the eruption resulting in accumulation of tephra 2.8m thick over Pompeii and other regions (Sigurdsson et al., 1982). Sigurdsson et al (1982) presents evidence to support the collapse of roofs under the weight of pumice that fell and consequently the destruction of infrastructure throughout the town. The tephra fall would also have made it very difficult for people to be outdoors around that time. The town would have been in total darkness and they would have had to wade through several metres of tephra on the ground. Despite this, this first stage of eruption was non lethal. It alarmed people but gave the majority of the population time to flee. 2000 deaths were accounted for out of the 20,000 people living in Pompeii and neighbouring towns (Luke, 2013). The second stage of the eruption consisted of six pyroclastic flows, during which most death and destruction to property occurred. Figure 1 details that between them, six pyroclastic flows travelled from the volcano, covering the towns of Herculaneum, Oplontis and Pompeii. The flows travelled 32km west across the Bay of Naples to Misenum and south east of Stabiae (Siggurdsson et al., 1982). Figure 1. Map of Vesuvius and surrounding towns showing pyroclastic flow deposits and the extent of the pyroclastic flows during the AD79 eruption (Source: Siggurdsson et al., 1982). The AD79 eruption of Vesuvius is an example of how communities with the most insecurity are the most vulnerable to hazards and have the capability of turning them from hazard to disaster (Gaillard, 2007). Through studies carried out on the settlement of Palma Campania a commune in Naples, Grattan (2006) showed that although most of the population was killed by tephra fall and pyroclastic flows there was reluctance to permanently build a settlement on the volcano plains, suggesting that instead of mitigating the effects of a volcanic eruption the communities instead chose to deal with them. They derived a method of coping and learning to live with the sudden environmental change. Compare this with the smaller VEI3 eruption of Vesuvius in 1944 and the impacts are very different. Although the eruption was smaller, there was more of an impact on nearby towns because of the nature of the community (Barnes, 2011). Important buildings such as schools and hospitals were built very close to fracture zones on the volcano flanks where open vents had previously been recorded. Under these conditions, living and having important amenities in such close proximity, events smaller than the 1944 eruption could be catastrophic from an economical and social point of view (Marzocchi et al., 2004). From a comparison of the two Vesuvius eruptions it is evident that the hazards each volcanic eruption produced were similar, however the way the communities chose to deal with them and therefore the impacts of each eruption are different for pre and post industrial communities. With a simpler way of life, post industrial revolution communities towns were able to easily change aspects of their daily life and adapt to living with a volcano. In a way, modern technology could be considered a downfall. If a super eruption were to happen it would apply stress to all aspects of modern day life. Air travel would be practically impossible because of airborne tephra, climate change would be severe and affect crop production across the globe, telecommunications would be restricted and huge areas would be affected by tephra fall and toxic gases (Grattan, 2006). Although that is a worst case scenario it highlights how post industrial revolution or modern communities may not always be better off. Post Industrial Revolution According to Marzocchi et al (2004) the hazards a volcanic eruption presents are hard to quantify because of the complexity of the eruptive processes and the unreliability of past data. However, it is thought that the advancement of communities means that a volcanic eruption poses a greater threat as there is more at risk. The eruption of Eldfell, a volcanic cone on the Icelandic island of Heimaey does however show how technologies of the industrial revolution could work towards reducing the hazards a volcanic eruption presents. Eldfell, 1973 The eruption of Eldfell began, without any warning, on the 23rd of January 1973, as a fissure crossing the island (Morgan, 2000). It caused a major crisis for the island, almost causing permanent evacuation. Volcanic ash fell on most of the island and more than 400 homes were destroyed as roofs were not constructed to deal with the weight from ashfall. Tractors were used to remove ash from the roofs and save some of the buildings (Morgan, 2000). Figure 2 shows the town of Vestmannaeyjar during and after the eruption and gives an idea of the scale of damaged caused by the eruption. It was most at risk because of its close location to the volcanic fissure. It was threatened by tephra fall and lava flows (Thorarinsson et al., 1973). The lava flows that threatened the towns also threatened the harbour, the islands main source of income. The response to the lava flows was to spray them with sea water, which cooled them down and stopped further advance, saving the harbour (Morgan, 2000). Figure 2. Houses nearest the fissure were destoryed by volcanic bombs thrown from the volcano during thr eruption (Left). The right image shows the town of Vestmannaeyjar after lava had advanced onto it. Cooling hoses used to cool the lava are highlighted in red. (Source: Morgan, 2000) Although the scale of the Eldfell eruption was relatively small, the town of Vestmannaeyjar was put at risk because of its location of the fissure. The fissure opened up at the edge of the town with the lava destroying 200 buildings, and more being damaged by tephra fall (Dugmore Và ©steinsson, 2012). Despite this the death toll for the Eldfell eruption was low as there were resources and space to evacuate those in immediate danger. Boats transported people off the island to Reyjavic where schools and other larger buildings acted as receptions for the evacuees. Compare this with the Pompeii eruption where the resources were unavailable and lack of knowledge made evacuating people not an option. Even if the resources were available, it would have been physically impossible to relocate such a large population. In Iceland, volcanism is considered to be one of the principal causes for lack of development (Dugmore Và ©steinsson, 2012). In most cases, the negative impacts of a volcanic eruption have been kept to a minimum both by environmental and cultural factors. There is little to encourage people to settle in immediate volcanic zones; high elevations are unfavourable in terms of climate and the steep slopes of the volcano flanks are difficult to build on. Social systems within Iceland are well suited to coping with volcanic hazards so when an event does occur it will not have such a great impact as if it were to occur in Britain for example (Dugmore Và ©steinsson, 2012). Soufriere Hills, 1995 Montserrat is a small island in the Caribbean that consists of 4 volcanic centres: Silver hill, Centre hills, Soufriere hills and South Soufriere hills. The map in figure 3 shows the location of the 4 volcanic centres on the island (Wadge Isaacs, 1988). Figure 3. Map of Montserrat showing the 4 volcanic domes. Chances Peak, responsible for the 1995 eruption is highlighted in red. (Source: Wadge Isaascs 1988) Chances peak was responsible for the eruptions from 1995 onwards (Figure 3). The eruption began in 1995 after a period of seismic activity and small warning signs of an eruption (Robertson et al., 2000). The most intense eruptions occurred in 1997 and consisted of pyroclastic flows, lahars and tephra fall. The advancement of tephra and pyroclastic flows and the settlements around the volcano that were destroyed throughout the eruption is shown in Figure 4. Figure 4. Chances Peak and the location of nearby settlements. Shows the progression of the eruption during 1997 to 1998 and depicts the settlements that were destroyed by pyroclastic flows, lahars and tephra fall. (Source: BBC Bitesize) Through recognition of distinctive patterns in seismic activity and monitoring signals, short term forecasts of volcanic activity were able to be made so those most in danger could be evacuated at the most appropriate time (Robertson et al., 2000). The islanders in close proximity to the volcano were evacuated to the north of the island, to neighbouring countries and to the UK as Montserrat is a British dependant territory (Young et al., 1998). In total, only 19 people who chose to stay behind were killed by the eruption. The Soufriere Hills volcano provided an opportunity for modern technology and volcanological thinking to be fully utilised in the thorough documentation and the provision of accurate and timely disaster mitigation advice (Young et al., 1998). Conclusion To conclude, the nature of a volcanic hazard, the social status of the population exposed to the hazard, geographic setting and the rehabilitation policy set up by authorities vary between time and place (Gaillard, 2007). In the cases discussed above, all the eruptions produced similar hazards (tephra, lahars, pyroclastic flows) but the nature of the community and the way the population responded made the impacts different. Post industrial revolution communities use technology to their advantage in aiding after the eruption but also before the eruption, in the prediction and preparation stages. From the case studies, it is evident that forecasting plays a fundamental role in volcanic hazard mitigation (Sparks, 2003). It is vital for predicting when/where eruptions will occur, the kinds of hazards associated with the eruption, how long the eruption is likely to last and if populations in close proximity to the volcano are at risk. Plans can then be put in place to reduce the risks related to an eruption on a community. References Barberi, F. and Zuccaro, G. (2006) Somma Vesuvio Mesimex: the final technical implimentation report Barnes, K. (2011). Volcanology: Europes ticking time bomb. Nature, 473(7346), pp.140-141. Dugmore AJ, and Và ©steinsson O (2012) Black sun, high flame and flood; volcanic hazards in Iceland. In Cooper J, Sheets P (eds) Surviving Sudden Environmental Change: Answers from Archaeology (University Press of Colorado: Boulder) p 67 -90. Gaillard, J.-C. (2006), â€Å"Traditional societies in the face of natural hazards: the 1991 Mt Pinatubo eruption and the Aetas of the Philippines†, International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 24(1), pp. 5-43 Gaillard, J. (2007). Resilience of traditional societies in facing natural hazards. Disaster Prevention and Management, 16(4), pp.522-544. Grattan, J. (2006). Aspects of Armageddon: An exploration of the role of volcanic eruptions in human history and civilization. Quaternary International, 151(1), pp.10-18. Lirer, L., Pescatore, T., Booth, B. and Walker, G. (1973). Two Plinian Pumice-Fall Deposits from Somma-Vesuvius, Italy. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 84(3), p.759. Luke, BT. (2013). Roman Pompeii, Geography of Death and Escape: The deaths of Vesuvius, PhD Theses, Kent State University Marzocchi, W., Sandri, L., Gasparini, P., Newhall, C. and Boschi, E. (2004). Quantifying probabilities of volcanic events: The example of volcanic hazard at Mount Vesuvius. J. Geophys. Res., 109(B11) Morgan, A. (2000). The Eldfell Eruption, Heimaey, Iceland: A 25-Year Retrospective. Geoscience Canada, 27(1). Robertson, R., Aspinall, W., Herd, R., Norton, G., Sparks, R. and Young, S. (2000). The 1995-1998 eruption of the Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat, WI. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 358(1770), pp.1619-1637. Sigurdsson, H. et al. (1982) The eruption of Vesuvius in AD 79: reconstruction from historical and volcanological evidence. American Journal of Archaeology 86, pp. 39–51 Sparks, R. (2003). Forecasting volcanic eruptions. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 210(1-2), pp.1-15. Thorarinsson, S., Steinthorsson, S., Einarsson, T., Kristmannsdottir, H. and Oskarsson, N. (1973). The Eruption on Heimaey, Iceland. Nature, 241(5389), pp.372-375. Wadge, G. and Isaacs, M. (1988). Mapping the volcanic hazards from Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, West Indies using an image processor. Journal of the Geological Society, 145(4), pp.541-551. Young, S., Sparks, R., Aspinall, W., Lynch, L., Miller, A., Robertson, R. and Shepherd, J. (1998). Overview of the eruption of Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, 18 July 1995 to December 1997. Geophysical Research Letters, 25(18), pp.3389-3392. 1

Minorities in the United States Essay

Assimilation is defined as a process by which an individual or a group acquires the attitudes and sentiments of other individuals or groups and then incorporates their history and experience to achieve a similar cultural life (Park & Burgess, 1921). Early American ancestors who were against assimilation in the country foresaw that immigrants to the country would throw away their cultural identities and the next generations would not retain those cultural identities. It was debated that assimilation could result to a similar nature of national identity in which immigrants could achieve both social and economic benefits by integrating themselves into the mainstream of the American culture (Barvosa-Carter). Immigrants are required to take an identity of an Anglo-Saxon, Protestant, white and monolingual English language speaker when integrating immigrants on the assimilationist model. However, assimilation disregarded the important distinction between a national identity and an ethnic identity. Assimilationists have influenced the American political culture with a false view that the growing cultural diversity among immigrants affects their loyalty to the country (Barvosa-Carter). Furthermore, an assimilationist approach adopts the notion that successful integration of immigrants in the country must remove all ethnic identities among immigrants (Barvosa-Carter). Definition of multiculturalism Multiculturalism is also called ethnic federalism because it is the official acknowledgment of unique, fundamentally fixed ethnic individuals and the sharing of resources based on the idea of membership in an ethnic group. It disapproves the concept of the role of ethnic diversity in the emergence of a single, culturally united people. Multiculturalism also affirms the right of every ethnic American to privilege and power, to demand recognition and respect, and to act in their native language (Salins, 1997). Moreover, multiculturalism came out of a conflict between social cohesion and cultural diversity that has been existent in the American political culture since its formation (Bryson, 2005). Assimilation versus Multiculturalism Assimilation in American life has been much more accommodating, flexible, and effective in allowing the country to retain its national unity despite the influx of different types of cultures and nationalities, while multiculturalism is more often an ideology of ethnic grievance and unavoidably results to ethnic conflict (Salins, 1997). There are two principles that are considered the foundation of multiculturalism and the opposites of assimilationism: immigrants should not throw away any of the cultural qualities they inherited from their ancestors and there will or can never be a single united nationalistic identity that all Americans can interrelate with (Salins, 1997). According to Chavez, multiculturalism supersedes affirmative action with a power to influence how all racial and ethnic groups in the country perceive themselves and conceptualize the country. Proponents of multiculturalism have not lost their belief in the capability of assimilation. The drive to traditionally assimilate ethnic minorities has been overwhelming in the United States, notably among the children of immigrants. Religion looks to be a more effective hindrance to complete assimilation than the temporal elements of culture (Chavez, 2009). Strengths and Limitations of Assimilation and Multiculturalism One of the disadvantages of multiculturalism is the failure to hear the voices of other people who live and share in the same country. However, multiculturalism has proved to be powerful and exclusionary because its primary framework and tools are borrowed from the history of anthropology (Michaelsen, 1999). According to Chavez (2009), the driving force for multiculturalism will not come from immigrants, but from their assimilated counterparts who are more affluent and established. However, multiculturalism will not promote progress, but will put the nation a step backward. The more culturally diverse Americans become, the more important that they commit themselves to a shared culture. The most notable attribute of American culture has been its capability to integrate different elements into a new unified culture (Chavez, 2009). Assimilation among Americans has always implied the notion of give and take and the American culture has been enhanced or improved by what individual ethnic groups contributed to it. (Chavez, 2009) Minority groups experiences Discrimination suffered by ethnic minorities in the United States has affected their achievements in life. The country faces two challenges in dealing with ethnic relations: the move to further eliminate the negative impact of racism that started with slavery and the successful assimilation of growing immigrants, particularly coming from South and Central America and Asia. Moreover, the immigration trend in the country has gained exceptional successes in making the nation’s motto a reality. However, each wave of immigration has resulted to tension between new types of immigrants and older, naturalized immigrants (Thernstrom, A & S, 2002). The nature and structure of life in the United States constitutes the social environment in which interpersonal relations among people of different religions, races and national origins occur. The estimated 190 million Americans are not just individual persons with psychological attributes, but belong to different types of groups: primary, secondary, family, associations, social networks, religious, racial, and social classes. The nature of these different types of groups and their interpersonal relationships has a fundamental impact on how people of different cultural backgrounds perceive and relate to each other (Gordon, 1964). The different cultural varieties of Americans have the tendency to be with their own social class and ethnic group for the main purpose of having the warm relationships with their primary groups, interacting with other cultural varieties of Americans mainly in neutral relationships with secondary groups (Gordon, 1964). In conclusion, the United States can cope with the influx of immigrants and increasing diversity by making sure that all Americans learn how to relate with different types of groups that exist in the country. They must learn to continually eliminate structural separation of different types of ethnic groups by enhancing their interaction on the job, on the civic environment, and in other areas of impersonal relations. The process of having a modern and industrial society is dependent on the commitment of mobility and interchangeability of individuals based on their occupational expertise and needs. The universal criteria of training and competence, which rely on the achievement of occupational roles, the choice of political leaders, the selection of living space, and the effective implementation of the educational process must exist in the country, while the criteria based on religion, racial background, and nationality must eliminate. If the structural separation of ethnic groups, brought by prejudices and the desire to maintain their own subculture and ethnic identity, the American society will experience, conflict, mediocrity and confusion (Gordon 1964). Chavez recommends that that all of ethnic minorities in the United States should think of themselves as Americans, no matter where they all come from or what reasons that brought their ancestors in the country. All Americans need to retain the idea that they are one people, not simply an integration of various and competing ethnic groups. Furthermore, the value for immigrant children to understand English than to retain their native language is also necessary to address the complexity of cultural diversity. Going beyond the line where ethnicity and race are the key elements that Americans identify themselves or establish loyalty is also needed. Retaining the values and principles that unite Americans must exist rather than their differences in ancestry (Chavez, 2009). The nation can also cope with the steady influx of immigrants by understanding the concept of culture. Cultures are sets of practices involving codes of communication, habits of interaction, expression of artistic talents, and standards of human behavior that need to be understood by Americans. Furthermore, cultures are interrelated with people because as people change their cultural practices, the entire cultures can and do change (Moya, 2002). Students and teachers can play an important role in helping the nation cope with the growing cultural diversity. They must learn to understand that certain ethnic groups are culturally deprived, while other ethnic groups are culturally rich. It is also important that students and educators must be provided with tools they need to learn the impact of daily interaction on different cultural practices. Understanding the notion of concept of culture will help explain the importance of cultural diversity. Cultures not only can familiarize Americans to the world, but can also be an important form of moral knowledge (Moya, 2002). References Barvosa-Carter, Edwina. American immigrants in American conflict. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. Retrieved April 7, 2009, from http://journal. georgetown. edu/72/barvosa. cfm. Bryson, Bethany Paige (2005). Making Multiculturalism: Boundaries and Meaning in U. S. Palo Alto, California: Stanford University. Chavez, Linda (2009). Multiculturalism is driving us apart. USA Today. Retrieved April 7, 2009, from http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mim1272/is_n2612_v124/ai_18274647/ Gordon, Milton M. (1964). Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion and National Origins. Great Britain: Oxford University Press, Inc. Michaelsen, Scott (1999). Limits of Multiculturalism: Interrogating the Origins of American Anthropology. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. Moya, Paula M. L. (2002). Learning From Experience: Minority Identities, Multicultural Struggles. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. Park, Robert E. & Burgess, Ernest W. (1921). Introduction to the Science of Sociology. Chicago, Il: University of Chicago Press. Salins, Peter D. (1997). Assimilation, American style: multiculturalism and ethnic relations. Reason. Los Angeles, California: Reason Foundation. Thernstrom, Abigail & Stephan, Eds. (2002). Beyond the Color Line: New Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity in America. Palo Alto, California: Hoover Institution Press.

Coping With Change Essay

P1- Discuss factors which affect the development of self-esteem M1- Compare two theories of self-esteem which contribute to our understanding of self-concept The NHS define self-esteem as being the opinion each individual has of themselves. NHS, (2015). It is the self-image and self –respect of an individual’s perception of themselves. Roshahl.c, (2008). This assignment is going to discuss the six factors that affect self-esteem. These factors are the growth promoting climate, the looking glass self, self-actualisation, ego identity, social identity and finally, the constructing of self-concept. Maslow stated that people are motivated to achieve certain needs. When one need is fulfilled a person seeks to fulfil the next one, and so on. Maslow, (1943). The self-actualisation theory was created by Maslow in 1943. This theory is based on the hierarchy of needs. This theory is an ongoing process. This theory is not something which is aimed for by a person, instead it’s something you do. In addition to this, the theory is not restricted to individuals; anyone is able to achieve this hierarchy of needs. The hierarchy is made up of levels these levels are; physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging needs, esteem needs and finally, is all of the above are achieved, according to Maslow they are able to then reach self-actualisation. Maslowski.R.M, Morgan.L, (1973). The first stage of this theory is the biological and physiological needs, in order to achieve this a person must have the basic needs of living, they are; air, food, fluids, shelter, warmth, shelter, warmth and sleep. The safety needs of the hierarchy include protection from elements, security, order, law, stability and finally freedom fear. The love and belongingness stage of Maslow’s theory requires friendship, intimacy, affection and love from work colleagues, family, friends and romantic relationships. McGuire.K.J, (2012) pp281. The fourth stage of the hierarchy of needs is the esteem of needs, to achieve this stage an individual must experience achievement, prestige, self-concept, statues, dominance, mastery, self-concept and respect from others. The final stage is the self-actualisation. This stage involves realising personal potential, self-fulfilment, seeking person growth and  peak experiences. Maslow states that without achieving the first four stages, self-actualisation cannot be achieved. The second theory is Erickson’s Ego theory. This is another theory which is based on stages. Erickson’s theory focuses on the eight stages of life starting with infant and finishing with older age. The theory is a lifespan model of development taking in five stages up to the age of 18 years old and three further stages beyond the age of 18 and into adulthood. Each stage has a conflict, resolution and a cumilation in age these will all be presented in the table below. Age Conflict Resolution Cumiliation in age Infancy 0-1 years old Basic trust vs. mistrust Hope Appreciation of independence and relatedness Early childhood 1-3years old Autonomy vs. Shame Will Acceptance of cycle of life from integration to disintegration Play age 3-6 years old Initiative vs. Guilty Purposely Humour, empathy and resilience School age 6-12 years old Industry vs. Inferiority Competence Humiliation, acceptance of the course of one’s life and unfulfilled hopes Adolescences 12-19 years olds Identity vs. confusion Fidelity Sense of complexity of relationships, values of tenderness and loving freely Early Adult 20-25 years Intimacy vs. Love isolation Love Sense of complexity of life; merging of sensory logical and aesthetic perception Adulthood 26-64 years old Generative vs. Care stagnation Care Caritas, caring for others, empathy and concern Old age 65 years old -death Integrity vs. Despair Wisdom Existential identity, a sense of integrity strong enough to withstand physical disintegration The growth promoting climate theory suggests that a person requires a supportive environment that encourages an individual to grow positively. The theorist of this theory is Carl Rogers. The growth promoting climate theory is a person centred approach. The purpose of the person centred approach is to change, understand personality as well as human relationship. Jones.R.N, (2010) PP102. According to Carl Rogers, a positive involves diversity, empowerment which means to allow the individual to grow and achieve. Other factors which are required to create a positive environment is open communication, freedom and the capability to reach their full potential. However, without a positive environment, the growing promotion climate theory cannot be achieves. The looking glass self theory looks at how an individual views themselves. The theorist of this theory is Horton Cooley. The looking glass self is another theory that is separated into stages. This theory is made up of three stages. The first stage id that a person imagines how they are perceived and viewed by others. The second stage of the looking glass theory is when a person imagines how they are judged by others and this is based and concluded by the first stage of the theory which is how a person imagines they are perceived by another individual. The final stage of  this theory is the experiencing of a type of feeling or reaction to the staged in one and two. Gbadebo.S.A, (2011), pp124. For example a person may believe that they are perceived as being polite and friendly to another individual. This would be the first stage of the theory (imaging how they are perceived by others). This would therefore lead to the individual imagining they are judged in a positive light and a well-mannered individual. This would be the second stage of the theory (the way in which a person imagines they are judged by others). The way in which an individual acts towards them would determine the opinion they have of them. Gba debo.S.A, (2011), pp124. If a person who is isolated in a situation is judged to be a polite friendly individual they are more likely to make friends as they may give off a friendly vibe encouraging people to want to engage with them however if they were perceived as being rude and arrogant, other may not want to associate or include the individual in their conversation and may even think the individual is purposely isolating themselves from the situation. The Social identity theory was created by Henri Tajfel in 1979. He proposed that groups which people belonged to were an important source of pride and self-esteem. These groups may be a person’s social class family or a person’s choice of football team. Groups give individuals a sense of identity and sense of belonging to the social world. Burke.P.j, (2009). This theory focuses on how we perceive and make sense of each other. This helps with the construction of society and culture. This theory suggests that people are interested in the information of others such as their beliefs, intentions and affiliations. Tajfel. H, (2010). This enables a person to interpret and understand the words and actions of another person as well as their decision makings. This also allows a predication of a person’s future. The final factor that affects a person’s self-esteem is the constructing of self-theory. A sense of self or personhood, of what kind of person one is. Identities always involve both sameness and difference, (2000) Penguin Dictionary. ‘Identity is about belonging, about what you have in common with some people and what differentiates you from others. At its most basic it gives you a sense of personal location, the stable core to individuality. But it is also about your social relationships, your complex involvement with o thers’ (1996). This theory consists of three main arguments they are; We are born with our  identities; identities and culturally and historically dependent, identities are fluid and fragmented and are a result of conscious and unconscious thought and emotion (affective attachment to particular identities). This theory consists of sources of identity, they are gender, age, sexuality, ethnicity, social class, consumption, employment, roles and responsibility, family networks, friendships, use of technology, politics, leisure activities and finally the body. All of the discussed theories are all contributing factors to the development of person’s self-esteem. All of which explain have a different understanding. Some were evidently based on the needs of an individual in order to live such as Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, others focused on the different stages of life a person experiences such as Erickson’s eight stages of life. M1- The aim of this next task is to compare two theo ries of self-esteem which contribute to our understanding of self-concept. The two theories this assignment is going to focus on are Erickson’s eight stages of life theory and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. The first similarity of these two theories is that they are both broken down into stages however Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is split into five stages Maslow. A.H, (2013) whereas, Erickson’s life stages are split into six. The different number of stages is on difference between the two theories. A further difference between the two theories is that Erickson’s stages are based on the stages of life every individual experiences. Therefore the theory can be easily generalised to all individuals during a specific age group. In addition to this, Erickson’s ego theory is structured in a timeline of stages. However, the stages of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs are the requirements needed in life such as warmth, shelter, love and family. Rakowski.N, (2011). Therefore Erickson’s theory focuses on experience whereas Maslow’s theory focuses on the needs of an individual and the goals of achievement of an individual. An additional difference between Maslow’s and Erickson’s theory is that Maslow states that without successfully achieving one stage a person cannot proceed to achieve the next stage preventing a person for achieving actualisation. Erickson’s eight stages of life are experienced by all individuals throughout their life span and therefore all stages are experienced and unresolved stages can be resolved in later stages in life. Tiffany.L, (2014). Erickson’s ego theory focuses on psychosocial stages whereas Maslows hierarchy theory focused on the needs  of an individual. The year the two theories were developed is another comparison, Erickson’s Ego theory was developed in 1950 whereas Maslow’s hierarchy theory was developed in 1943. Erickson’s Ego theory has an overall finishing point which is when an individual achieves self-actualisations whereas Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a continuous cycle which continues until a person reach death. Tiffany.L, (2014). A final comparison of the two theories is that Erickson’s Ego theory was influenced by a theory which already existed; this was Freud’s theory regarding the structure and topography of personality. Maslow’s hierarchy theory on the other handed was an extended version of his own work rather than the work of others. Chapman, (2001). Both the theories of Abraham Maslow and Eric Erickson support the use of human response assessment in the experimental and behavioural perspectives. Mcleod.S. Erickson’s eight stages of life also identifies task which must be achieved at each stage and similarly to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, if these tasks are not achieved, a person cannot proceed successfully achieve the next tas k. Reference Page NHS, (2015). Interpersonal growth and self-actualisation in groups, Maslowski.r.m, Morgan.L, (1973). Text book of basic nursing, Roshahl.c, (2008). (2000) Penguin Dictionary of Sociology. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. An introduction, McGuire.K.J, (2012), pp281 Theory and practice of counselling and therapy, Jones.R.N, (2010) PP102. Journey into the looking glass, Gbadebo.S.A, (2011), pp124. Identity theory, Burke.P.j, (2009). Social identity and intergroup relations, Tajfel. H, (2010) A theory of human motivation, Maslow. A.H, (2013) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs model, Rakowski.N, (2011). Erik Erickson, psychological stages simply psychology, Mcleod.S. Chapman, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (2001). Tiffany.L,, Erickson and Maslow, compare and contrast (2014).