Damning Guilt in Shakespeares Macbeth :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Damning Guilt in Macbeth Both main characters in the Shakespearean tragedy Macbeth meet unfortunate ends, with this due in part at least to the huge burden of ungodliness which they must carry through most of the drama. In Fools of Time Studies in Shakespearean Tragedy, Northrop Frye sees a relationship between Macbeths guilt and his hallucinations The future moment is the moment of guilt, and it imposes on one, until it is reached, the intolerable strain of remaining innocent. . . . We notice that anyone who is forced to brood on the foregone and expect the future lives in a world where that which is not present is present, in other words in a world of hallucination. Macbeths capacity for visual perception things that may or may not be there is almost limitless, and the appearance of the mousetrap play to Claudius, though more easily explained, has the same spectacular point as the appearance of Banquos ghost. (90) Fanny Kemble in Lady Macbeth asserts that Lady Macbeth was unc onscious of her guilt, which nevertheless killed her Lady Macbeth, even in her sleep, has no qualms of conscience her self-condemnation takes none of the tenderer forms akin to repentance, nor the weaker ones allied to fear, from the pursuit of which the tortured soul, seeking where to hide itself, not seldom escapes into the boundless wilderness of madness. A very able article, print some years ago in the National Review, on the character of Lady Macbeth, insists much upon an opinion that she died of remorse, as some palliation of her crimes, and mitigation of our odium of them. That she died of wickedness would be, I think, a juster verdict. Remorse is consciousness of guilt . . . and that I think Lady Macbeth never had though the unrecognized pressure of her great guilt killed her. (116-17) In Memoranda Remarks on the Character of Lady Macbeth, Sarah Siddons mentions the guilt and ambition of Lady Macbeth and their effect Re I have given suck (1.7.54ff.) Even here, direful as she is, she shews herself made by ambition, but not by nature, a perfectly savage creature. The very use of such a tender allusion in the midst of her dreadful language, persuades one unequivocally that she has really felt the maternal yearnings of a mother towards her babe, and that she considered this action the most enormous that ever required the forcefulness of human nerves for its perpetration.

The Exploitative Colony of Virginia Essay -- American America History

The Exploitative Colony of Virginia I believe that the early settlers of the liquidation of Virginia made it into an exploitative and ignorant colony, due(p) to the fact that it was set up primarily to make a small number of individuals wealthy while ignoring the rights of its other members. In the year 1607, a conclave of adventurers from the Virginia Company established the first English-American colony in the Chesapeake Bay area (Greene, 1988). They landed in Jamestown, and it became the first English settlement to survive in the reinvigorated World. They named the colony Virginia. In its early history, Virginia was known for its drive to conquer the land and in some cases people, so that it would bring its main benefactors wealth and power (Morton, 1960). This is where the colony of Virginia became highly exploitative because of the greediness of so few people. The wealth and power that these benefactors were looking for mainly came from the growing of tobacco, a lab or intensive crop, which was sold in the European market. In order to grow this crop they needed workers to maintain the fields, however, at this time Virginia was characterized as having a high mortality rate. Thus, they had to go disclose and find a source of laborers. They went out and at first got the labor they needed by recruiting indentured servants from England. These economically poor Europeans were used and abused by their own people, but not as much as the as the black African slaves. In the mid-seventeenth century, slaves became the main source of labor for the labor greedy colony, so that the cultivation of the tobacco plantations would continue. The Europeans degraded these people and treated them in some cases, as bad as a dog treats a tone-beginning hydrant. One group ... ...4.Greene, Jack Pursuits of Happiness University of North Carolina Press Chapel Hill, North Carolina 1988.Kate, Stanley & Murrin, John Colonial America, Essay in Politics and Social outg rowth U.N.C. Press Chapel Hill, North Carolina 1983.Morton, Richard Colonial Virginia, volume one U.N.C. Press Chapel Hill, North Carolina 1960.Sale, Kirkpatrick The Conquest of Paradise FirstPlumb Printing current York, sweet York 1991.Tate, Thad & Ammerman, David The Chesapeake in the Seventeenth Century U.N.C. Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 1979.Todd, Lewis & Curti, Merle Rise of the American Nation, volume one Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Press New York, New York 1968.Welty, Paul Readings in World Cultures Lippincott Company Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1970.Wilson, Samuel Natural History, The Unmanned Wild Countrey

Higher Education Organizational Theory and Leadership :: Public Administration

Higher Education Organizational Theory and LeadershipThe chase briefing paper has been prepared to assist you in preparing your speech to the local chamber of commerce. The topic you do been asked to speak on is outlining the differences in leading an universe of higher education as opposed to running a for-profit business. The briefing highlights key points from three oft-referenced scholarly articles on the topic of higher education organizational theory and leadership. These points explain higher education structures and the differences between higher education organization and leadership and what your audience might be accustomed to. I have included references for your aid.Introduction. Higher education and private business have much in common. They use resources to produce a product for a defined lymph node base. They are led by individuals with vision, passion, and leadership for their organizations. At their heart are dedicated people that make up the organization . However, there are also many an(prenominal) differences, especially in making these organizations work well up.The Complex Structure of Higher Education. The university is a complex organization. Baldridge, Curtis, Ecker and Riley (1982) found that colleges and universities have characteristics that distinguish them from private enterprises as well as other government organizations. They describe the higher education environment as one where resources allow individuals within the organization room to grow in different directions without the tight restraints seen in other types of environments. They go on to describe the role of the president and other university leaders as catalysts or facilitators rather than the my government agency or the highway mentality of some private CEOs. Baldridge et al. describe this environment as organized anarchy where this facilitation role, also described as collegial finish making, leads to an environment where decisions happen rather than are made. Politically, this environment tends to be mostly inactive with very fluid, fragmented participation. The president assumes the role as first among equals, a mediator between power blocs on campus. This is very different in all but a few private corporations.Loosely Coupled Systems. Weick (1976) takes a very similar view of this organizational theory but from a slightly different perspective. He writes of the higher education institution as a loosely coupled system, a system that differs markedly from the organization system of a private enterprise. The basic theory is that, unlike the militaristic noble-minded of the tight ship that many private organizations have adopted, loosely coupled systems have softer linkages between each unit of the organization.

The People and Landscape of the Welsh Hillcountry :: R.S. Thomas Poems Poetry Essays

The People and Landscape of the Welsh Hill body politic R.S. Thomas writes about the people and knowledge domainscape of the Welshhillcountry. By referring closely to at least two of his poems, show uphow he makes the Welsh countryside and its inhabitants vivid to thereader.RS Thomas was born in Cardiff in 1913. He was a Parish Priest inWales for more than 20 eld. During this time he taught himself theWelsh language in order to understand the remote hill farmers that areunder his care.He writes almost exclusively about the people and landscape of theWelsh hill country. The poems that he writes are lacking in mentalemotion but they never lack tender or compassion for the massivelyhardworking farmers he knows so well. The landscape that Thomasdescribes so well reflects the grimness of the mens lives.The peoples lives are never mellisonant nor romanticized and the poethas no illusions on its harshness. Yet he has a deep understanding forthe hill country and its workers. This shows that R.S Thomas canrelate to the Welsh hill country very well.The first poem that I am writing about is called The Hill FarmerSpeaks. This poem talks about the life of a farmer who has beengreatly affected by his work. The first verse of this poem talksabout a man who has no love and no friends. This we learn is becauseof the land as it says, I am the farmer stripped of love and thoughtand grace by the lands hardness. This shows the hard work that theman has done over the years has taken from him his love, thought andgrace it is in any case a metaphor making this vivid for the reader. But hewants us to know that he is still a human by saying, Listen, listen,I am a man like you. Alliteration is used here (listen, listen), tocause the affect that the man really is lecture to you. The sameaffect is caused when he says, But what I am saying. It shows youthat the mans surroundings are very empty and hostile by it saying,Desolate areas rough with dew. This is also a metaphor showing it svividness to the reader.The second verse of this poem tells us of the wind going over the hillpastures, hill pastures being a feature of any hill farm. After thishe says, Year after year, making this process seem constant. In thenext three lines there seems to be a link between the ewes and thefarmer, where it says, The ewes starve, milkless, for want of the new

Shakespeares Macbeth - The Transformation of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth

The Transformation of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth In the play Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, the charactersMacbeth and Lady Macbeth decide, in a great fit of ambition, to kill male monarch Duncan. Later in the play we see the same two characters undergo a transformation in their personalities afterward murdering the King. Macbeth begins the play as a august soldier and gradually changes into an ambitious and murdering tyrant. Lady Macbeth begins as a strong, ambitious woman who dominates her husband and gradually changes into a weak and guilt-ridden woman. This essay testament explore the characters of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth before and after the murder of King Duncan. Macbeth begins the play as a noble and trustworthy soldier, with a placid and honest personality. unfortunately he is told three prophecies by three witches and it is these prophecies that gradually change Macbeth into a greedy, untrustworthy, ambitious tyrant. Similarly, like Macbeth, Lady Macbeth is also ov erruled by her ambitious nature and non only encourages her husband to kill the king, but plans it herself. Lady Macbeth begins as an ambitious, overpowering and autocratic woman, particularly towards her husband. Though as time passes we see Macbeth become domineering and unbearably ambitious, while Lady Macbeth becomes the lesser of the two and her guilt becomes too much to bear, hence leading her to death. Macbeth is obviously gullible as he counts the witches after a while and relies on their prophecies constantly. This changes not only his life, but also Lady Macbeths life and the lives of those living in Scotland at the time. However Macbeth and Lady Macbeth believe that the witches are good luck, this proving to be quite the opposite. ... ...on Shakespeare s Tragedies . A Course of Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature. London AMS Press, Inc., 1965. Shakespeare, William. Tragedy of Macbeth . Ed. Barbara Mowat and Paul Warstine. New York majuscule Press, 1992. Stee vens, George. Shakespeare, The Critical Heritage. Vol. 6. London Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981. T.W. Shakespeare, the Critical Heritage. Vol. 5. London Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979. Wills, Gary. Witches & Jesuits. Oxford Oxford University Press, 1995. Epstein, Norrie, The Friendly Shakepeare, New York, Viking Publishing, 1993. Harbage, Alfred, Macbeth, Middlesex England, Penguin Publishing, 1956. Magill, Masterplots- Volume 6, New Jersey, Salem Press, 1949. Staunten, Howard, The Complet Illustrated Shakespeare, New York, Park Lane Publishing, 1979.

Continental Airlines Essay -- Economics Finance Business

1.Continental Airlines, like other companies in the airline industry, is a volatile organization. However, Continental has many strengths that have allowed it to prevail through tough clock and avoid complete ruin. The CEO of Continental Airlines played an important role in reviving the family. His Go Forward Plan vocalized the strategy of the company and concentrate on every aspect of the organization. Continental has a well-defined target market, providing services to upper-class and business travelers. The company has also been able to operate in the face of adversity (such as 9/11) due to effective decision-making.2.The weaknesses that have plagued Continental Airlines include low morale which prohibited workers from accepting the new company strategy. The company also experienced financial difficulties with large amounts of debts and regularly operating at a loss. Continental has also limited its customer base by offering only more pricey flights, even in times of low demand . Finally, Continental faces high operating costs as a resolution of in-flight meals and other amenities.3.Fortunately, there are several opportunities in the airline industry of which companies will be able to take advantage. First, the airline industry is reviving and passenger levels are now returning to pre-9/11 status. Companies can offer high degrees of service and reduce costs through the use of the Internet, such as online just the ticket sales, flight seating charts, and plane infor...

An offshoot of business process outsourcing Essay

1. (TCO 2) An offshoot of business movement outsourcing which requires a greater skill or knowledge of the industry or inner workings of a riotous is 2. (TCO 3) How be the procurance responsibilities divided between the come out manager and film administrator? 3. (TCO 4) What is the discrepancy between the Cost-Plus-Percentage- pay (CPF) contract structure and the Cost-Plus-Fixed-Fee (CPFF) contract structure? 4. (TCO 5) To assess the impact of a contract on both the emptor and marketer, an analysis of mental picture washstand be completed. Categories analyzed in this scene analysis include tout ensemble of the following except 5. (TCO 6) Factors that may affect the BPO agreement structure include all of the following except 6. (TCO 6) Some dates a seller is selected based solely on lowest price. However, sometimes this is not always the most efficient or effective way of selecting a seller. What are some of the other military rank criteria that a purchaser may use t o help select a seller?7. (TCO 7) Issuing an RFP to only one vendor may be get when 8. (TCO 7) Explain the purpose of an RFP. What are some common elements of an RFP? 9. (TCO 8) What is an independent estimate and wherefore should a buyer germinate an independent estimate before selecting a seller? 10. (TCO 2) Part 1 Explain the various steps of the project procurance process. Part 2 Using the simple decision of packing and moving your home furnishing from the east coast to the west coast, provide an example of what you would do at a lower place each of the sixsome steps of the project procurement process. Part 3 The buyer determines the contract pricing structure during which step of the project procurement process? 11. (TCO 1) Part 1 What are the four contract pricing structures available? Part 2 Describe the appropriate utilization of each and the impact of guess to the buyer and seller. Part 3. What contract pricing structure would you use if you had little to no scope furbish upd?PROJ 410 Midterm Exam 21. (TCO 2) A firm should concentrate on its _____ processes while outsourcing its _____ processes. 2. (TCO 3) Explain the difference between a contractadministrator and a project manager in a procurement situation. 3. (TCO 4) What is the difference between the Cost-Plus-Percentage-Fee (CPF) contract structure and the Cost-Plus-Fixed-Fee (CPFF) contract structure? 4. (TCO 5) To assess the impact of a contract on both the buyer and seller, an analysis of exposure can be completed. Categories analyzed in this exposure analysis include all of the following except ______. 5. (TCO 6) Factors that may affect the BPO agreement structure include all of the following except ______. 6. (TCO 6) Three commonly used evaluation criteria listed in an RFP are overall cost or financial proposal, reputation, and experience. What can the buyer glean from this information and how can the buyer use it to make a decision on a particular seller? 7. (TCO 7) All of the foll owing are common RFP topics, except ______.8. (TCO 7) Explain the purpose of an RFP. What are some common elements of an RFP? 9. (TCO 8) What are the two ways to rank the sellers proposals before selecting a seller? 10. (TCO 2) Part 1 List and define the six phases of the project procurement management process. Part 2 How could you organize a simple project such as renovating a bathroom into the six steps in the project procurement management process? Part 3 The buyer determines the contract pricing structure during which step of the project procurement process?11. (TCO 1) Part 1 Discuss the following types of contract pricing (a) fixed price, (b) cost-plus price, (c) time & materials, and (d) unit price. Part 2 Explain the appropriate utilization of each contract pricing type and the impact of risk to the contracting parties. Part 3 What type of contract pricing structure misaligns the buyers motivations with the sellers? 12. (TCO 3) Identify and describe the benefits that procurem ent outsourcing will bring to the organization. 13. (TCO 1) Discuss the vastness of obtaining support for the process of Business Process Outsourcing. Who would be important to involve and why?PROJ 410 Midterm Exam 31. (TCO 2) A firm should concentrate on its _____ processes while outsourcing its _____ processes. 2. (TCO 3) What activities is the contract administrator responsible for in a contract situation? What about the project manager? 3. (TCO 4) What is the difference between theCost-Plus-Fixed Fee (CPFF) and the Cost-Plus-Incentive Fee (CPIF) contract structures? 4. (TCO 5) To assess the impact of a contract on both the buyer and seller, an analysis of exposure can be completed. Categories analyzed in this exposure analysis include all of the following except ______. 5. (TCO 6) The Term, Contracting Party, Integration, Retained Assets, and Performance Standards are all _______.6. (TCO 6) List three commonly used evaluation criteria listed in an RFP and explain why a buyer wo uld want this information before selecting a seller. 7. (TCO 8) What is an independent estimate and why should a buyer produce an independent estimate before selecting a seller? 8. (TCO 7) For most customers, requesting multiple bids is the preferred approach because it _______. 9. (TCO 7) Describe the common sections of the RFP.10. (TCO 2) Part 1 List and define the six phases of the project procurement management process. Part 2 How could you organize a simple project such as renovating a bathroom into the six steps in the project procurement management process? Part 3 The buyer determines the contract pricing structure during which step of the project procurement process? 11. (TCO 1) Part 1 Discuss the following types of contract pricing (a) fixed price, (b) cost-plus price, (c) time & materials, and (d) unit price.Part 2 Explain the appropriate utilization of each contract pricing type and the impact of risk to the contracting parties. Part 3 What type of contract pricing struct ure misaligns the buyers motivations with the sellers? 12. (TCO 3) Evaluate the most common business drivers for outsourcing business processes. Which two drivers would be among the most important? 13. (TCO 1) List and describe the directives to care the process of outsourcing if you are a senior manager.COPY THIS LINK TO YOUR BROWSERhttp//oassignment.com/PROJ-410-Midterm-Exam-03-Sets-1687.htm

HBS Marriott Case

Marriott Corporation has triple personas live, contract service and restaurants with dissimilar operations. The corporation physical exercises three separate hurdle rates for the three variabilitys to comfort the proposed projects. It is believed that this scheme is to a greater extent appropriate that utilise a single firm-wide discount rate beca design the operations of the three socio-economic classs differ drastically. However, the company has to ensure that the company uses an appropriate discount rate for each incision.Therefore, we calculate the appropriate hail of swell for Marriott as well as for each of the three divisions. A expand analysis is personateed closely the appropriate calculation inputs for each of the three divisions and various assumptions, made while performing the calculations, be justified. 1) Are the four components of Marriotts financial strategy consistent with its growth objective? The first component of the strategy is to manage rat her than own the hotel properties.This objective mitigates the investing extremityed to launch overbold hotels, as the general partner is not required to make signifi atomic number 50t coronations. Although it may be argued that such a strategy could decrease the profit margins, the growth prospects are certainly easily achievable because of less limitation on the resources required. The second objective is an important characteristic of modern corporate finance. It believed that focusing on maximize shareholder value should be the underlying aim of every corporation, leading to stable growth and healthy profits.With regard to the third objective, Miller and Modigliani claimed that the use of debt, in the presence of corporate valuees, could outgrowth the value of a company through the value added by debt tax shield. In modern finance, it is comm only when believed that debt laughingstock increase the value of a corporation. However, a company should be careful about high de bt levels because of the distress hails associated with high debt. As stated by Marriott, a corporation should aim to optimize its debt at the most beneficial level. The repurchase of undervalued shares might not always be consistent with the growth objective.The repurchase design could make sense if the shares are believed to be highly undervalued and the company does not have more than attractive investiture opportunities to utilize its currency. However, the strategy could as well occlude growth if the company is foregoing highly profitable investment opportunities in order to take advantage of slight under pricing in its shares. 2) How does Marriott use its cipher of its cost of capital? Does this make sense? Marriot evaluates its investment opportunities using the discounted cash flow approach, which requires an estimate of the cost of capital.Technically, the cost of capital for each investment should be commensurate with the amount of take a chance infixed within th e investment. Thereby, if a company has ten dissimilar prospective investments, it could have ten different cost of capital estimates for the investments. However, it is impractical for companies to estimate a separate cost of capital for each investment opportunity. Usually, a company operates in a uniform grade of business and has investment opportunities with similar perils.Therefore, it is normal for companies to use a single firm-wide cost of capital. However, companies with multiple divisions often use separate cost of capitals for the divisions because each division has separate operations and endangerments. Marriott Corporation has three separate divisions and employs three separate hurdle rates one for each division. This treatment is consistent with theory as long as the hurdle rates adequately compensates for the risk of infection inherent in each divisions investment and risk does not substitute significantly across investments within a division. ) What is the wei ghted average cost of capital for Marriott Corporation as a whole? What unhazardous rate and risk premium do you use to calculate the cost of equity? How do you measure Marriotts cost of debt? There is no agreed-upon measure of riskfree rate that investors could use. In fact, the on hand(predicate) riskfree interest rate could be argued to change with changes in business cycles and economic policies. In the US, the rate offered by US Treasury securities is often deemed riskfree because of the negligible slackness risk.However, there is a disagreement regarding the maturity of the treasury security that should be used as a proxy for riskfree rate. Since Marriott is seeking to optimize its debt at a long-term stable level, it is believed that the maturity of the companys debt go forth be long. Therefore, the 10-year Treasury bond seems to be an appropriate measure of riskfree rate. The cost of debt is calculated by adding the specified risk premium to the selected riskfree rate. Th e cost of equity can be calculated using the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM).The market risk premium is an important constituent of the CAPM. The market risk premium estimates the premium for the excess risk taken by market participants. Investors can earn a certain degree of return the riskfree rate without taking any risk. Therefore, the riskfree rate should be subtracted from the market return to calculate the market risk premium the unornamented return that investors earn by taking risk. We already have an estimate of the riskfree rate that can be used for Marriott. Therefore, the market risk premium can be calculated by estimating the appropriate market return.The proxy for market return is usually a national stock index such as the S&P500 for US companies. In contrast to the Treasury bond market, where the yields provide an estimate of the next returns on the security, there is no consensus estimate on the future expected return on the stock market. Therefore, historic al averages of stock returns are normally used to estimate the future expected return on the market. We use biggest available period 1926 to 1987 to estimate the average historical market risk premium.The information about riskfree rate and the market risk premium can be combined with equity beta of Marriott (provided in the case study) to calculate to cost of equity of the company. Once we have the respective costs of debt and equity, the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is simply their average weighted using the target proportion of debt provided in the case study. The calculations in the attached spreadsheet show that the WACC for Marriott is 10. 39%. 4) What type of investments would you value using Marriotts cost of capital?The cost of capital estimates the riskiness of an average investment within the company. If an investment under consideration by Marriott has more risk than the average investment risk, the cost of capital would understate the risk and overstate t he value of investment. On the opposite hand, if an investment has less risk than the average investment risk, the cost of capital would overstate the risk and understate the value of investment. Therefore, the cost of capital is only appropriate for valuing investments, which closely resemble the typical investments carried out by Marriot Corporation.If an investment has a different amount of risk than the typical investment in Marriott, the company should strive to calculate the cost of capital that is consistent with the investment in question. One way of estimating the appropriate cost of capital would be to look at the comparable companies where that particular investment would be a typical investment. For example, an investment in sports equipment could be evaluated by looking at the cost of capital used by a sports club that uses similar equipment. ) If Marriott used a single hurdle rate for evaluating projects in each of its divisions, what would happen to the company over time? Marriott has three separate divisions with dissimilar operations. The firm-wide cost of capital is credibly a weighted average of the three individual costs of capital commensurate with each of the three divisions. While the firm-wide cost of capital might be a good measure of the risk of an average investment undertaken by the company, it is probably not a good measure of the investment risk inherent in each divisions average project.If the company continues to use a single discount rate for each of its three divisions, the project cash flows of the division with more than average risk would be overstated, while the project cash flows of division with less than average risk would be understated. Therefore, division with more than average risk would start accepting projects that would have been otherwise rejected if a more appropriate higher discount rate were used. On the other hand, the division with less than average risk would start rejecting projects that would have been accepted if a more appropriate lower discount rate were used.In short, the more risky division would accept negative NPV projects, while the less risky division would reject positive NPV projects. 6) What are the costs of capital for the lodging and restaurant divisions of Marriott? The division wise calculations of the cost of capital are shown in the attached spreadsheet. The weighted average costs of capital for the lodging and restaurant divisions are 9. 76% and 13. 32% respectively. It is important to note that the discount rates differ because certain inputs in the calculations are dissimilar.The most significant differences are in riskfree rates, asset betas, and debt proportions. a) What risk-free rate and market risk premium do you use in calculating the cost of equity capital for each division? How do you recognize these numbers? There is no full consensus of which proxy for riskfree rate should be used. Nevertheless, it is generally believed that the maturity of the risk free rate proxy should match the purpose for which the rate is utilized. It is mentioned that the lodging division has more long-term assets, while assets of restaurant division are short-term in nature.Therefore, one-year riskfree rate has been employed in the restaurant division, whereas a higher ten-year rate has been utilized in the lodging division. On the other hand, the market risk premium for both divisions is the same as the market risk premium previously used for the whole company. Although the asset betas for the divisions have been calculated using the past five years data, it is believed that a larger pool of data should be used to estimate the market risk premium because the recent volatility in the markets might distort results. ) Did you use arithmetic or nonrepresentational averages to measure rates of returns? The arithmetic mean adds the annual historical risk premiums and averages the results, while the geometric mean is equal to the compounded annual risk prem ium. In professional practice, both these methods of calculating average historical risk premiums are regularly employed. However, there is a major statistical difference between the twain approaches. Geometric mean is a compounded average of risk premiums and is, therefore, a good predictor of the risk premium over multiple future time-periods.On the other hand, arithmetic mean is the best predictor of risk premium for the forthcoming time-period. In other words, arithmetic mean would be better at predicting the risk premium for the next year, while geometric mean would be superior at predicting the average risk premium over the next hardly a(prenominal) years combined. In this case, we are calculating the risk premium for the purposes of using it in the CAPM model. The CAPM is a single period model, which estimates the cost of equity over a specified time interval. Therefore, the arithmetic mean might be a better method in this context. ) How do you measure the cost of debt for each division? Should the cost of debt differ across divisions? The rationale for using different riskfree rates for the division has already been explained in the preceding section. The case study also provides different levels of risk premiums that should be added to the riskfree rate to calculate the total cost of debt. It could be argued that the company only pays a single cost of debt, and there is no need to calculate separate cost of debt for each division. However, each division has separate financial leverage, different sales, and a unique ability to cover its debt obligations.Therefore, each divisions debt should also be rated separately for more accurate capital budgeting. d) How do you measure the beta of each division? The betas for the divisions have been calculated using the pure play approach. Under this approach, the equity betas for companies, comparable to each division, are unlevered in accordance with the respective leverage. The resulting asset betas are then a veraged to obtain an estimate of the asset beta for each division. Subsequently, the respective asset beta for each division is relevered, using the target debt ratio for the division, to obtain the equity beta. ) What is the cost of capital for Marriotts contract services division? How can you estimate its cost of equity when there are no publicly traded comparables? The beta for contract services division cannot be obtained directly because there are publicly traded comparable companies, which could have been used to employ the pure play approach. However, we do have information about the asset beta of the overall company as well as the asset betas for the remaining two divisions. Theoretically, the overall asset beta for Marriott should be a weighted average of the individual asset betas for the three divisions.The weights can be calculated using the information about identifiable assets in each division. Thereby, the only unknown in the equation is contract services divisions as set beta, which can be obtained through basic arithmetic. Subsequently, the asset beta can be levered using the target debt proportion to obtain the equity beta, which can be used is the CAPM equation to calculate the cost of equity for contract services division. The WACC for the division is simply the weighted average of its cost of equity and cost of debt. The calculations in the attached spreadsheet estimate the cost of capital to be 8. 4%. 8) Marriott also considered using the hurdle rates to determine incentive compensation. How do we link this with the Economic Value Added (EVA) approach? The objective of any companys anxiety should be to maximize the shareholder wealth. Shareholder wealth increases when a company consistently produces positive economic value. In this context, economic value added is measured as the excess operating profits over the dollar cost of capital. In mathematical terms, economic value added equals net operating profits after tax minus the product of cost of capital and capital employed (dollar amount of WACC).The concept of economic value added is closely linked to the concept of net present value (NPV) calculated using the hurdle rates. Specifically, a positive NPV project will generate positive EVA, while a negative NPV project will generate negative EVA. Therefore, if a company only accept positive NPV projects, calculated using the appropriate hurdle rates, it will generate positive EVA on the profits generated from these projects. Therefore, a managers compensation could be linked to the amount of positive net present value that the manager generates through new investments.

Environmentalism and Deforestation Activities Essay

Deforestation is a severe environmental destruction which flowerpotnot be revived substantially if changed at current rate. Therefore, I totally agree that deforestation causes a lot of environmental problems. Deforestation includes the cutting down, burning and destructing of forests. The deforestation affects the ecosystem and disrupts the oxygen and nose candy oxide cycle. People have an impression that if the trees were cut down, it will grow back in a few years. Everyone knows the trees are very important in our chance(a) life because it can produces oxygen to people can breathe with fresh air. However, the trees become less because deforestation. We can plant more trees around the environment to continue the deforestation. Furthermore, plant more trees similarly can prevent our health and the global warming.In short, we can plant more trees to stop the deforestation. On the other hand, we can recycle the anything that we can recycle it. The paper that we use every day was makes from trees, so, we cannot waste the paper and we must reuse the part that can be used. We also can buy the variety of recycled items likewise papers, toilet paper, note books, and shopping bags. When we start use the recycled things, we can save umteen the demand of raw corporeal replaced by the recycled products.We can join the environmental group to prevent deforestation and and protect our environment. When we join the group, we can make some notice boards about the heartbreaking of deforestation. For example, we can write the Please save our earth, Stop cutting the trees and the others. The notice board can placed at the college, school, or the road cheek to remaining people that our earth was dangerous now. In fact, people can realize the deforestation was very harmful to our earth. In conclusion, the deforestation was cause many environmental problems. Therefore, we need some way to stop all such deforestation activities immediately for our earth future become very well.

A very brief history of human relations management

Human dealing Management began with Mary Parker Follet, a social worker with 25 years of experience working with schools and non-profit organizations. She is best known for developing ideas of constructive conflict (also called cognitive conflict). She believed conflict could be beneficial. She believed the best way to deal with conflict was not domination or compromise, scarce rather integration. Elton Mayo, best known for the Hawthorne Studies, investigated the effects of lighting levels and incentives on employee productivity.Chester Barnard, an experienced top executive, became very influential (and best known) for his ideas about cooperation and the acceptance of authority. He proposed a comprehensive theory of cooperation in formal organizations and defined an organization as a system of consciously coordinated activities or forces of two or more than persons. The human relations school of focussing is also known as motivational theory. Not everyone is on board with all i ts concepts however, it would be hard to argue the fact hat it has changed management practice overall (and over a period of years) for the better.Human Relations Management Theory considers employees differently than the more overbearing management theories strong in the past. Largely based on theories of Douglas McGregor, HR Management Theory makes the assumption that commonwealth want to work. The assumptions are also made that people are responsible, self-motivated, and wanting to succeed and, further, that they nderstand their own position in the company hierarchy.McGregor called this Theory Y. Theory Y is the total opposite of what McGregor called Theory X. Theory X takes the view that employees are lazy, not at all motivated, seek only their own security from work, and that they require supervision and discipline. In a nutshell, Human Relations Theory clearly views workers as much more than a cog in the company wheel. It makes the assertion that businesses prosper as they h elp their employees prosper.

Political Socialization Essay

So what is Political Socialization? Our text book explains it as the style people acquire their liquidal beliefs and values often including their party identification, through relationships with their families, friends, and co-workers. To put it more patently, its our experiences with our p bents, friends, give instruction and society. Its what we were taught in school ab come to the fore patriotism, and being civic minded. Its also how our morality judges those experiences and is shaped by those experiences.Political Socialization is how we express ourselves in daily politic or if we express ourselves at all. Its who and what we align ourselves with in order to feel we have a voice for our concerns in the larger public. The who, is usually a policy-making party that we feel best represents our political believes and standpoints. There are several key elements in determining the level of political socialization which are important to placeline. Political knowledge just how muc h do you know nigh whom represents you and the current issues?People with high political socialization will in general know whom their representatives are in politics and have at least a modest understanding of the major issues. They also know how to find out more most individual issues. How much do you debate current issues with people family members, friends, acquaintances? People with a high political socialization be given to discuss political issues that are important to them more than people with very little political socialization. Political Efficacy what is your sense about your ability to impact brass?Do you believe that if you get involved you can achieve your goal? Or do you believe that your voice will have no core on current affairs. People with higher political socialization tend to feel that sense of efficacy. That if they get involved they can achieve their desired outcome. They mountt feel that they are just floating along with an inability to change their world. Political socialization tends to give people a tolerance for diversity. This instrument that people are not offended by opinions that dont match their own.This reminded me of a conversation I had with a fellow student in my Geology lab last semester. We were ending a field trip and talking about various political topics (sitting in a pizza place in Berkeley of all places). My friend was telling me his opinion on a political subject, on which I did not agree. Instead of getting angry with him I simply said, convince me and smiled. I wanted to see what the foundation of his argument was. I still wasnt convinced. But, at least I understood better where he was coming from.This is an example of high political socialization leading to tolerance for diversity. Instead of being insecure about my own viewpoints, I was curious about his. This comes from a deeper understanding of what I believe. Political socialization brings a higher respect for other cultures and other systems. One m ay realize that other political systems while probably different are not inherently good or bad. You realize that the American political system is just integrity way of doing things. Each country has its own political identify which is the culmination of its history.People with higher political socialization tend to follow the action of the police and courts more. They tend to get less publicly enraged trusting that the justice system will work in the case of police misconduct or a court ruling that does not pretend sense. Last, people with higher political socialization tend to get involved in campaigns and elections believing and wanting to quarter a difference in their world. Who is the U. S. electorate? Thats us. Its everyone in America. Whether you vote or not, whether you have the right to vote or not. You have the ability to verbalize and be heard by government.The voice of the electorate is what drives government. If we the citizens of the United States and of which ever state you live in say nothing to our elected officials, eventually they run out of things to do. Before we can know how to add or detract from the capital of Wisconsinian Model, we must know what it is. The Madisonian Model is the model of government developed by James Madison which defines the balance of power in our government. Our government is divided into three main branches the executive branch, the legislative branch and the judicial branch.Each branch is independent of one another and can override each other by constitutional procedure. The idea was to create a system of government where no part of the government could become too powerful. Does political socialization add to the functioning of the Madisonsian Model? Generally yes. But when Madison framed this model he was worried about just how much of the electorate had little to no political socialization. Madison and the Federalists saw the common man as an uneducated hoard that act out of sensation rather than logic.The Federalists did not want direct Democracy. They did not want everyone regardless of education level (especially in politics) in a direct position to make policy. They, Madison and the Federalists, wanted Representative democracy so that someone who had a high degree of political socialization could come and speak for a larger group. So political socialization adds to the Madisonian Model the higher your political socialization the more active you generally are in politics and the more you gestate advantage of our Republic to voice your opinion.

Famous People from West Virgina

Famous People from West Virginia Thomas Stonewall capital of Mississippi (1824-1863) Jackson was born in Clarksburg, West Virginia. He was a companion general and won at the First Battle of Bull Run during the Civil War. He was accidentally killed by one of his men at Chanvellorsville. Anna Jarvis (1864-1948) Jarvis was born in Grafton, West Virginia. She was a promoter who worked to make Mothers Day a nationally famed holiday. Morgan Morgan (1688-1766) Morgan was a pioneer and the first white settler in West Virginia. He built a log cabin near Bunker Hill. bloody shame Lou Retton (1968- )Retton was born in Fairmont, West Virginia, and was a gymnast. She won a gold medal for the best all-around gymnast performance in the 1984 Olympics and was the first American gymnast to acquire a medal since 1948. Cyrus Vance (1917- ) Vance was born Clarksburg, West Virginia, and was a diplomat. He represented President Johnson in Panama, Cyprus and in urban riot centers. He negotiated the relea se of the USS Pueblo and its crew. Vance was the united States secretary of state from 1977-1981. Booker T. Washington (1856-1915) Washington grew up in Malden, West Virginia, and was and educator and reformer.He thought that blacks should work for education and employment instead of rubbish social equality with whites. He founded the National Negro Business League. He wrote a book called Up. West Virginia Fun Facts West Virginia is the only state in the Union to have acquired its sovereignty by proclamation of the President of the unify States. West Virginia is considered the gray most northern state and the northern most southern state. Mothers Day was first observed at Andrews Church in Gafton on May 10, 1908. West Virginia has the oldest population of any state.The median grow is 40. Jacksons Mill is the site of the first 4-H Camp in the United States. The first federal prison exclusively for women in the United States was overt in 1926 in West Virginia. The New River Gorge Bridge near Fayetteville is the second highest steel arch bridge in the United States. The bridge is too the longest steel arch bridge (1,700 feet) in the world. Every October on Bridge Day, the road is closed and individuals parachute and bungee cord jump 876 feet rancid the bridge. It is West Virginias largest single day event and attracts about 100,000 people each year.The first major land battle fought between Union and Confederate soldiers in the Civil War was the Battle of Philippi on June 3, 1861. One of the nations oldest and largest Indian burial grounds is located in Moundsville. It is 69 feet high, 900 feet in circumference, and 50 feet high. An inscribed stone was removed from the vault and is on display at the Smithsonian Institute in Washington, D. C. The first rural free put up delivery was started in Charles Town on October 6, 1896, and then spread throughout the United States.A naval battle was fought in West Virginia waters during the Civil War. United States a rmored steamers were actively engaged in the Battle of Buffington Island near Ravenswood on July 19, 1863. A variety of the yellow apple, the meretricious Delicious, originated in Clay County. The original Grimes Golden Apple Tree was discovered in 1775 near Wellsburg. West Virginia has a mean altitude of 1,500 feet, giving it the highest average altitude east of the Mississippi. The first galvanic railroad in the world, built as a commercial enterprise, was constructed between Huntington and Guyandotte.William Tompkins used natural gas to evaporate salt brine in 1841, indeed becoming the first person in the United States to use natural gas for industrial purposes. Bailey Brown, the first Union soldier killed in the Civil War, died on May 22, 1861, at Fetterman, Taylor County. Chester Merriman of Romney was the youngest soldier of World War I, having enlisted at the age of 14. The first brick street in the world was laid in Charleston, on October 23, 1870, on Summers Street, betw een Kanawha and Virginia Streets.

How People Give Up Rights When Using an Airline

Many passel modern day workout airlines as a form of transportation. To be able to use this expediency passengers must have their bags and personal belongings checked by the airline. Airlines do this for the safety of their passengers and to ensure that no catastrophe happens during flight. But when this is done argon passengers giving up their in effect(p)s? Is it correctly for someone to go with your personal belongings? Or is this procedure only for security causalitys? What rights do air sheet passengers exhibit up by allowing themselves to be checked before boarding?When well-nighone travels with an airline they must have their baggage checked before boarding the plane. Some people feel that this invades their privacy and that it is not necessary. wherefore should the drome check my personal belongings? Why deposet they just pull up your criminal leger or just check your pockets instead of checking eachthing? Some alternative plans is to take your bags and keep the m in a secured voice of the plane so at that place is no risk. And some airlines may stock-still make you pay surplus fees for these baggage checks meanwhile they argon for your safety.Some airlines like Allegiant charge you $35 for your low bag. (Airline baggage fees 2) And how many people only bring one bag to the airport? Your foster bag is $35 , and then any additional bags be Subject to additional fees. And all of this is salaried for on top of your flight. Now shouldnt it be an option to pay for safety? Does the airline as yet care about your safety or are they just trying to make more capital? Collectively, airlines made approximately $3. 4 billion in baggage fees last year (Airlines bagging too large money 1). Some people believe that airline just do this to make more revenue. all the same though air ports are forced to check your baggage by the FAA (Air Carrier trading operations Bulletin No. 1-94-10) people believe that the airline should not charge you extra and that the whole concept of being charged for baggage is stupid. Instead of being charged separately for baggage airlines should just accept the price for baggage in the airline ticket. (Clayton 1). Other people seem to think that baggage fees are just a hidden fee that airlines use to try to get more money ( close to Obnoxious Hidden Airline Fees 5). These people agree with the theory that one flat rate baggage fee should be included in the airline ticket.And as the Lehigh Valley Newspaper, The Morning Call says, The novel measure of baggage checking at airports for bombs is a blatant disregard of a persons privacy. Why should we stand for this, when our founding fathers fought to prevent things like this from happening? . The person who wrote this article seems to be disregarding the particular that if it were not for this virtue of checking baggage that every time someone were to board an airplane they would be in danger. Imagine if every time someone boarded an airplane that that person was in danger.Modern day children go on airplanes for vacations with their families. Even if our founding fathers did try to prevent this, if this procedure was not done thousands of people every day would be in danger every day in the united states. Now even if this procedure is for the peoples safety, should the people be charged so the airlines can follow the law? Other articles regarding this subject state that when someone travels through an airline they loose their second amendment right. When people use an airline service their rights are not taken by but restricted, and for the safety of themselves and others.The second amendment, protects the right of the people to keep and bear arms (weapons). Many people argue that when boarding a plane that weapons such as knives and guns are not allowed to be brought on a plane during flight. Those people are wrong. It is one hundred percent level-headed to bring a gun or knife on board of a plane, with some rules of coarse. As stated in the article, Traveling with Special Items on Airlines from TravelSence you can bring a gun on flight as long as, 1. The gun is in part of your checked baggage. 2. the firearm must be unloaded and in a secure hard stead container. 3.The owner of the firearm must be at the screening or the item and provide the conspiracy or key to open the secure container containing the firearm. 4. ant and all ammunition must be laid in fiber or packaging specifically designed to hold ammunition. And 5. The ammunition must be in the same container as the unloaded firearm. As long as when traveling with a firearm you follow all of these procedures you can legally bring a gun with you while traveling with an airline. formerly again these rules might restrict your rights as an American citizen but they do NOT take away your rights as an American citizen.And there is also rules with sharp objects such as knives. The only rule that there is on these items is,1. It can not be in c arry on luggage and it must be securely wrapped to prevent injury. So once again it is one hundred percent legal to bring a weapon with you while flying with an airline service. Also if someone fells that having their baggage checked is taking away their rights that is also not true. The FAA (a government-run organization) enforces these rules and regulations for the airline passengers safety and for no other reason turn out for the passengers safety.Also by having these rules enforced by the government they can not peradventure eliminate your rights as an American citizen (although they might restrict them temporarily). And concerning the rule for having baggage checked, it is up to the airlines to charge you for your bags. Some airlines like Jetblue bid your first bag of luggage for free and every extra bag has additional fees. So depending on which airline service the customer uses the cost for baggage check differ so when people complain about baggage fees they should look in to different airlines and see if any airlines offer cheaper fees or no fees at all (Airline baggage fees 5).The theory that baggage fees (if there are any) should be included in the ticket for flight depends on personal preference and one of the reasons why airlines do not charge the baggage fees in the ticket price is to try to hide additional fees from their customers (Most Obnoxious Hidden Airline Fees 5). And even though that may not seem right it is not taking away any rights that a person might have under American citizenship So, even though when someone travels with an airline service it might seem that it takes away their rights given to them in the declaration of independence, it really does not.The most traveling with an airline service does to your rights is restrict them. And the one and only reason that this is done is for the passengers/customers safety. The question here is, what rights do airplane passengers give up by allowing themselves to be checked before boardi ng? And the answer to this question would be, airplane passengers do not give up the rights given to them by being an American citizen. But if someone considers their encroachment of personal privacy a right than they could possibly be giving up their rights (even though airlines do not save keep any information about your personal information on file).

Business Across Borders Essay

In the blood world today, borders argon portmanteau and multi-national mergers are causing many company nationalities to become indistinct. As the planetaryization of markets rapidly increases, many companies are finding international expansion a necessity of competition. North America is greatly affected by this movement towards a global market, and many companies are finding it extremely strategic to lodge to otherwise cultures.Favorable trade agreements and explosive growth of the middle class in countries once considered underdeveloped apply both been heavy factors in the rush towards globalization. However, the around distinguished factor in increased globalization has been technological advancements, including new transportation and information technologies. Presentation of information is more frequently processed by members of a virtual team a work group not necessarily in the analogous geographical location. With the proliferation of e-mail, videoconferencing, fax machine, and the teleph calling cardinal, virtual teaming is becoming increasingly efficient.The most considerable obstructions to successful international merchandising involve misinterpretations and contrary views resulting from cultural differences. Being both aware of some of these issues and prepared to make the requisite accommodations can save companies time, effort, and a considerable amount of m nonpareily.Exploring ContextContext is described as the most important dimension of culture and yet is the most difficult to define. Context refers to the stimuli, environment, or ambiance touch an event. Communication styles and problem practices as a whole are often identified with the context of a country.North American, Scandinavian, and German communicators are generally considered to be low-context cultures. They expect a high level of stage in their visua,l verbal and indite communication. Low-context cultures tend tobe analytical, logical and find words and contracts very important. Individualism, emancipation and in-person achievement are highly valued by these cultures.High-context cultures, such as japan, China, Arabia, tend to vex on the receiver does not need much background. Information and words are not as important as what is surrounding the situation. They are more aware of a communicators status, interpersonal relationships, the setting, and ambiance when conducting telephone circuit relations. In general, tradition and social customs are more important in high-context cultures. These cultures emphasize social station in organizations and groups. Because they avoid confrontation, they frown upon individual decision making and prefer consensus.RelationshipsIn many countries personal relationships are the key to success. It is important to not expect to get down to business right away, precisely rather get to know a person first. In Mexico, for example, business deals are unless do with friends, so one must develop a friendship with any business partner. It is considered polite to petition personal questions about family, and alike to answer any questions about your family. Discussions are warm and friendly.In Japan it is unlikely to get very far without connections. Carefully chosen intermediaries are a necessity. Not only will the Japanese feel obliged to be loyal to them, but rank of ones associates will pay off their status as well. A Japanese businessman will always bestow within his group before making a decision. Because of their intense loyalty, ones identity is subsumed into the group. It is important to never single out a Japanese counterpart, even for praise or encouragement. Contrarily, the Spaniards have a hierarchy style of management and it is best to deal with el jefe or el pardon-the one who will be making the decision. Spaniards also will expect whomever they are dealing with to have decisions-making authority. deliverance FaceWhen dealing with Spain or most Asian cultures, it is also critical to understand the concept of thrift face. Any loss of control of emotions or embarrassment is considered disastrous in business negotiations in these cultures. Honor and personal pride mean everything and they must not be insulted. Because of this attitude it is very important to carefully prepare presentations so that they are easy for the audience to understand. Paying close concern to determine if anything is misunderstood during the presentation is also a must. Because of this concept of saving face the presenter will not know if they are having difficulties. Close attention must be paid to conversations in order to spot the sincerity of what is being said. In Japan, a deal is never refused directly, and any dealings with Japanese business culture should remain indirect.Business CardsIn justly all countries, it is important that business cards be printed one side in English, and the other in their language. When presenting the card, it should be presented with the ir language facing the recipient. In Japan, the exchange of business cards is not to be taken lightly. When you receive the card of a Japanese businessman, be sure to make a show of examining it carefully and then making a watch over about the card. Ask any questions about anything on the card which is difficult to pronounce or understand. The card should then be placed in a case or on a near by table. A card shouldnt be shoved into a pocket or be written on.Concepts of TimeTime orientation is an important cultural difference that Americans must pay close attention to. In America, time is viewed as a precious commodity. Time is related with productivity, efficiency, and money. Many other countries have a much more relaxed perception of time. They take their time, and enjoy it. In Mexico you can ask if a plan appointment is en punto (the precise time), or mas o menos. Mas o menos appointments are often scheduled a half an hour to an hour before the actual time. With bothMexican and Japanese cultures it is also important not to expect instant results. Plenty of time should be allowed for contemplation and decision making. In Mexico it is important to adjust any expectations regarding deadlines and efficiency.ConclusionDoing business over borders and through time zones has become threadbare in the twenty-first century. Technological advancements in communication and travel make it possible to do business across the globe almost instantaneously. Doing business with multiple cultures can be a challenging venture. international communication skills of an organization can determine success or failure.In order to interact with divergent cultures, it is necessary to understand the basic characteristics of the culture. This type of understanding helps to make adjustments and accommodations. We must rid our minds of pre-conceived notions, stereotypes, and prejudices. It is imperative that one be knowledgeable about such topics as context, traditions, social rules, e tc. It is equally important to experience competent listening skills and to be aware of ones own nonverbal messages.The ability to adapt to an intercultural perspective is probably one of the most crucial aspects of doing business in todays global village.BibliographySellin, Robert H. J and Elaine Winters. Cultural Issues in Business Communication. Berkeley Program Facilitating and Consulting, 2000.Guffey, Mary Ellen. Business Communication exploit and Product, 4th ed. Mason, Ohio South-Western, 2003Etiquette and Local Customs. The Travelers Yellow Pages Online. http//www.infoservices.com/stpete/342.htm. InfoServices International,Inc., 2002What to Know Before Negotiting Execitive Planet.com. http//www.executiveplanet.com/business-culture.html.

Social Contract Theory of John Locke

given(p) the recognise and extensive authority that the accessible bugger off supposition upholds, the supposition still endures various assessments. The entrance that massess ethical and political responsibilities ar reliant upon a slim down between them to structure a society is also precisely linked with current ethical and political theory. trick Locke (b. 1632, d. 1704), a openhanded truth-tryer among other professions of the 17th and early 18th centuries, is primarily recognized for the creation of his influential social contract theory.Censors dispute that most mint are raised within an existent society and non presented with fortune to opt a social contract therefore, Lockes social contract theory is considered invalid. Lockes rebut to the censors alleged that a keen understanding of how social contracts transpire must occur earlier to the patterned advance of singles in the social order. This paper leave entail the social contract theory of caper Locke a nd how the value identified are consistent with the twist nicety dust (Uzgalis, 2007, 11). The State of natureThe social contract theory commences with the idea of a recount of nature the central idea that criminal legal expert systems are non in existence. The breakdown of effects result in the lack of protection wind the inability to give lessons arctic measures and the neglect of civil rights pertaining to place and to individualized refuge. Public order is in dis browse resulting in people relying on self-help manners to resolve differences of opinion. The individuality of existence within a commonwealth of nature is iodin of the original areas under discussion that differences occur among social contract philosophers.Unlike Thomas Hobbes, John Lockes swain in philosophy, whom references a state of nature as a battle of either genius in opposition to sensation a nonher, Locke references state of nature, non as a circumstance of warfare, but nevertheless a prob lem. Locke theorizes that a confederacy non possessing access to a normal arbitrator would signify that each person would mediate individual cases. This elbow room of adjudication would create recurrent heated discussions being settled by personal brutality.Despite the different cerebration techniques of Locke and Hobbes, the stipulation exists that the state of nature would generate a sadistic and apprehensive atmosphere (Reese, 2001, 11-12). The State of Nature is a condition of ideal and inclusive autonomy to manage life in the best method 1 deems necessary, according to Locke. To add clarity, Lockes intent was not to include the freedom to do any(prenominal) one desires despite the consequences. Although the State of Nature presents a status that municipal influence and government does not chastise individuals for illegal indiscretions, doctrines remain in subsistence.Furthermore, the State of Nature assumes equivalency to others and is equally skilled to make determinat ions batten downd by, what Locke claims, the keister of decency the law of nature of Nature. Lockes viewpoint is that the Law of Nature was provided to mankind by immortal with the instructions not to event injury to one another in regard to physical condition, independence, existence, and property. In Lockes words, moralistic unassailable and vileness is wholly the conformity or disagreement of our voluntary actions to some law, whereby good or evil is drawn on us, from the will and power of the law-maker (Laslett, 1967, p. 8). Locke refutes Hobbes theory by making claim that because God owns every living creature, and every human being is considered equivalent, people are not at self-reliance to annihilate what belongs to God. The State of Nature works as a set of guidelines allowing people to pursue unreservedly happiness by following personal areas of interest and creating personal diplomacy (2001, 3-4). In this observation the command is launch on Gods determinat ion but strangely, the theory is not consistent with Lockes financial statement pertaining to the Law of Nature.Locke elaborates that because the State of Nature is reasonably passive people are entitled to seek this happiness free from hindrance. Although the hypothesis is to some extent contradicting, Lockes theory does add simplicity to the ratiocination of why an unbiased criminal justice system is detrimental to society. 2 Treaties on Government Locke surmised in the both Treaties on Government, 1686, originally people agreed to a governmental social contract to ensure safeguarding of property rights and security from aggression.In lieu of defense, community members presented authorization to the government for verification that community members wished to be presided over. Locke make earthly concern the claim that any government official displace justifiably be replaced if he or she neglects duties or takes advantage of the position. Lockes view of righteousness is germa ne to the debate of the unite States Criminal arbiter constitution because initiators depended upon Lockes words of wisdom to direct the assembly of an organization of self-governing supremacy.Undeniably, numerous pieces of the United States answer of Independence duplicate portions of Lockes Second Treatise precisely. For example, citizens are gifted with certain unalienable rights . . . governments get on with nearly to secure the rights and to gain just powers from the consent of the governed (Laslett, 1967, p. 61). Lockes statement pertaining to how disparaging the government can drop dead and the entitlement the community members obtain is also noted in the Declaration of Independence. Lockes dispute resulted as the start point for structuring an admired government in addition to a validation for rebellion.Political convictions formerly bear on the proposal of community members providing government requirements. The concept of an innovative social contract in which the government subsisted to provide requirements of the organisation created a novel reflection that upheld Locks thoughts, a person surrendered to the authority of the state only the amount of freedom necessary to ensure protection of the rights of other citizens (1967, p. 3-7). The fresh proposal concerning contractual railroad tie of the government to community members was a creation of an inventive, rising middleclass (1967, p. 15).Conclusion Based on the preceding theories of the highly regarded John Locke, the determine identified within the State of Nature are noticeably consistent with the values of existing day criminal justice system. Although challenging, without the basis of Lockes hypothesis on social contract, the criminal justice system would lack genuineness and compassion creating an unreceptive environment. Lockes theory makes current the unfathomable array of associations and connections interlinking people. Social contract theory is undeniably a part of the crim inal justice system at present and in the projected future.Lockes theory, along with other reputable premises, will endlessly compel the reflection upon the nature of people and the connection to one another.Reference Laslett, P. (December 1967). Two treaties of government and the vicissitude of 1688. Locke Two Treatises of Government. Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought. (ISBN- 13 9780521069038 ISBN- 10 0521069033). Reese, R. (September 2001). Social justice theory. Journal of morality and Justice. Uzgalis, W. (2007). historic background and lockes life. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.Social Contract Theory of John LockeGiven the honored and extensive authority that the social contract theory upholds, the supposition still endures various assessments. The view that peoples ethical and political responsibilities are reliant upon a contract between them to structure a society is also precisely linked with current ethical and political theory. John Locke (b. 1632, d. 1704), a prominent truth-seeker among other professions of the 17th and early 18th centuries, is primarily recognized for the creation of his influential social contract theory.Censors dispute that most people are raised within an existing society and not presented with opportunity to opt a social contract therefore, Lockes social contract theory is considered invalid. Lockes refute to the censors alleged that a keen understanding of how social contracts transpire must occur prior to the advancement of individuals in the social order. This paper will entail the social contract theory of John Locke and how the values identified are consistent with the criminal justice system (Uzgalis, 2007, 11). The State of NatureThe social contract theory commences with the idea of a state of nature the central idea that criminal justice systems are not in existence. The breakdown of effects result in the lack of protection provided the inability to instill safety measures and the neglect of civil rights pertaining to property and to individualized refuge. Public order is in disarray resulting in people relying on self-help methods to resolve differences of opinion. The individuality of existence within a state of nature is one of the primary areas under discussion that differences occur among social contract philosophers.Unlike Thomas Hobbes, John Lockes colleague in philosophy, whom references a state of nature as a battle of everyone in opposition to one another, Locke references state of nature, not as a circumstance of warfare, but nevertheless a problem. Locke theorizes that a community not possessing access to a normal arbitrator would signify that each person would mediate individual cases. This style of adjudication would create recurrent heated discussions being settled by personal brutality.Despite the different thinking techniques of Locke and Hobbes, the agreement exists that the state of nature would generate a sadistic and apprehensive atmosphere (Rees e, 2001, 11-12). The State of Nature is a condition of ideal and inclusive autonomy to manage life in the best method one deems necessary, according to Locke. To add clarity, Lockes proposal was not to include the freedom to do whatever one desires despite the consequences. Although the State of Nature presents a status that municipal influence and government does not discipline individuals for illegal indiscretions, doctrines remain in subsistence.Furthermore, the State of Nature assumes equivalency to others and is equally skilled to make determinations ensured by, what Locke claims, the foundation of decency the Law of Nature. Lockes viewpoint is that the Law of Nature was provided to mankind by God with the instructions not to cause injury to one another in regard to physical condition, independence, existence, and property. In Lockes words, Moral good and evil is only the conformity or disagreement of our voluntary actions to some law, whereby good or evil is drawn on us, from the will and power of the law-maker (Laslett, 1967, p. 8). Locke refutes Hobbes theory by making claim that because God owns every living creature, and every human being is considered equivalent, people are not at liberty to eradicate what belongs to God. The State of Nature works as a set of guidelines allowing people to pursue unreservedly happiness by following personal areas of interest and creating personal diplomacy (2001, 3-4). In this observation the decree is established on Gods determination but strangely, the theory is not consistent with Lockes assertion pertaining to the Law of Nature.Locke elaborates that because the State of Nature is reasonably passive people are entitled to seek this happiness free from hindrance. Although the hypothesis is to some extent contradicting, Lockes theory does add simplicity to the reasoning of why an unbiased criminal justice system is detrimental to society. Two Treaties on Government Locke surmised in the Two Treaties on Government, 1 686, originally people agreed to a governmental social contract to ensure safeguarding of property rights and security from aggression.In lieu of defense, community members presented authorization to the government for verification that community members wished to be presided over. Locke made public the claim that any government official can justifiably be replaced if he or she neglects duties or takes advantage of the position. Lockes view of righteousness is germane to the debate of the United States Criminal Justice System because initiators depended upon Lockes words of wisdom to direct the assembly of an organization of self-governing supremacy.Undeniably, numerous pieces of the United States Declaration of Independence duplicate portions of Lockes Second Treatise precisely. For example, citizens are gifted with certain unalienable rights . . . governments come about to secure the rights and to gain just powers from the consent of the governed (Laslett, 1967, p. 61). Lockes sta tement pertaining to how disparaging the government can become and the entitlement the community members obtain is also noted in the Declaration of Independence. Lockes dispute resulted as the starting point for structuring an admired government in addition to a validation for rebellion.Political convictions formerly sustained the proposal of community members providing government requirements. The concept of an innovative social contract in which the government subsisted to provide requirements of the administration created a novel reflection that upheld Locks thoughts, a person surrendered to the authority of the state only the amount of freedom necessary to ensure protection of the rights of other citizens (1967, p. 3-7). The fresh proposal concerning contractual association of the government to community members was a creation of an inventive, rising middleclass (1967, p. 15).Conclusion Based on the preceding theories of the highly regarded John Locke, the values identified with in the State of Nature are noticeably consistent with the values of existing day criminal justice system. Although challenging, without the basis of Lockes hypothesis on social contract, the criminal justice system would lack genuineness and compassion creating an unreceptive environment. Lockes theory makes current the immeasurable array of associations and connections interlinking people. Social contract theory is undeniably a part of the criminal justice system at present and in the projected future.Lockes theory, along with other reputable premises, will forever compel the reflection upon the nature of people and the connection to one another.Reference Laslett, P. (December 1967). Two treaties of government and the revolution of 1688. Locke Two Treatises of Government. Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought. (ISBN- 13 9780521069038 ISBN- 10 0521069033). Reese, R. (September 2001). Social justice theory. Journal of Ethics and Justice. Uzgalis, W. (2007). Historical background and lockes life. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Cause and Effects of Drug Use in High Schools

answer and Effects of Drug intention in High schools The use of do do drugss is becoming prevalence in todays society. Drug revilement is referred to as in absorb of drugs by over does of the prescribed drug given by medical personnel or taking drugs on an soulfulnesss ad hominem interest or influence by some groups of people. Indeed, the term drug abuse is used to reason excessiveness and frequent consumption of drugs regardless of whether an individual is depending on it or not. Drug abuse is chemic substances that exert mood-altering effects on the brain and which atomic number 18 capable of producing addiction.They are abused for the feelings they produce. Drug use commonly begins in high school, usually with nicotine from cigarettes. The first cause is simple curiosity. Many teens have perceive about drugs dismiss be fun, can make a person feel and act different, and they are curious to experience them for themselves. Peer group influence is withal one of the causes. The type of friend individual associate and relate with could maven one to partake in drug abuse. Young people take drugs to feel cool and impress their friends. Some teens will do whatever their friends do, just to fit in and follow the crowd.They dont want to be the only one not doing something even it is something dangerous. another(prenominal) reason young people take drugs is to escape their reality. Maybe their home life is not happy, mayhap they have a boring job, or under lots of pressure in high school. In this case, they take drugs to get away that unhappy reality. They can feel a little braver, stronger, smarter, more splendiferous or more important. Of course this doesnt last long, but that doesnt matter. For the brief time that the drugs are taking affect, the user can forget about the problems, responsibilities and limitations of everyday life, and escape to a fantasy world.This is wherefore they are so attractive to young people and despite their dangers. However, drug abuse can lead to drug dependence. It can damage the systems in the body, lead to nervous problem, and causes other health hazards. Internal organs could be equally affected by drug and substance abuse. The symptoms are increase heart and alive rates and blood pressure, and decrease appetite. Side-effects can include sweating, dry mouth, blurred vision, insomnia, and dizziness. In addition users can feel restless, anxious and moody, become excitable and have a false sense of power and security.Moreover, complaints of indiscipline in the school are mostly because of drug abuse. Drug abuse could also causes mental disease with the consequence of drop-out of school. It could cause decline in the societal moral and cultural values. The violent tendencies are also associated with drug abuse. According to those, abuse of drugs affects a persons physical or emotional conditions, even both. Drug abuse can lead to poor performance of the students in the schools. Since majority of dr ug abuse among youths start in high schools, the facilities can have early detection and prevention by teach students the effect of drug use. Word count 504

The United States Supreme Court and Public Opinion

The unite States self-governing coquette is a unique American institution. It is unique because, strange the individuals fate in the decision maker and the legislative branches of government, the nine justices serving at the highest level of the United States supreme judicature ar insulated in significant dashs from the humankind they atomic number 18 sworn to serve. Most significantly, the justices ar provided lifetime terms following nomination and stoppage. Unlike presidents or members of Congress, for example, the justices do not give way to tire initial world elections or prepare for reelection campaigns.In effect, in many ways, the members of the United States peremptory speak to are insulated from the humanity that they serve in extraordinary and unique ways. This very insulation, in turn, has generated fierce debates among healthy scholars, semi semi governmental scholars, and historians regarding the proper characterization of the kindred in the midst of the United States ultimate romance and frequent assurance and the consequences of disparate characterizations.This essay will argue that the justices of the United States peremptory romance are not nearly as isolated as conventional wisdom and scholarship too frequently assume, that subject field depression affects the justices in a myriad of deeply significant ways, and that adopting a majoritarian model remediate develops the United States supreme act as wholesome as better serving great national policy objectives.In order to subscribe the argument that majoritarian fabric is the preferable model, this essay will explain why analytical frameworks are curiously important in this context, the consequences of the different approaches, and why a majoritarian approach is the better framework for analyzing and discussing the relationship mingled with the United States absolute royal court and universal confidence. B. Why Analytical Frameworks MatterThis deba te is particularly important because these justices, serving for life terms, are elevated to the United States unconditional butterfly as a run of policy-making decisions rather than dexterous meritoriousness or the possession of a neutrally objective discriminatory philosophy. Indeed, it is comm altogether hold by scholars that Judges and scholars perpetuate the myth of merit. The reality, however, is that every appointment is semipolitical.Merit competes with another(prenominal) political considerations, like individual(prenominal) and ideological compatibility, with the forces of support or opposition in Congress and the White House, and with demands for representative appointments on the bases of geography, religion, race, gender, and ethnicity. (OBrien 33) It is this political connection that makes the relationship between the United States ultimate solicit and the American citizenry such(prenominal) an important issue.This is because certain assumptions whitetho rn encourage special interests to pursue political appointments to the Supreme royal court in an drive to circumvent semi in the popular eye(predicate) opinion. For those whom subscribe to the countermajoritarian school of thought, which holds that the Supreme Court is largely immune to man opinion and hardly influenced by general opinion, the belief is that once a nominated justice is confirmed that he or she will be able to issue rulings unhindered by the pressures of public opinion (Davis 4).As a result, this approach encourages deeply political appointments because there is a belief that minority interests can be mature or otherwise protected by a public institution shielded from public opinion this, in turn, encourages potential justices to refrain from expressing their intellect or their opinions h matchlessstly in order to minimize political problems.One scholar has described this dumbing down of a candidates merits thusly A fictive handling of appointments has thus e merged a nominees advocates make his case in the ideologically neutral language of merit, as if the candidates views had no bearing on his selection, (Greenberg, n. p. ) That prospective justices of the United States Supreme Court are compelled to engage in a fictive discourse is some(prenominal) disturbing and contrary to the American ideal of open and free discourse.The confirmation battle involving Robert Bork was illustrative of this type of political battle indeed, rather than focusing on Borks intellectual abilities or merits the confirmation hearings devolved into perhaps the most contentious confirmation battle in modern history. Indeed, as champion leading scholar of the Bork proceedings has noted, highlighting the aforementioned dangers associated with the countermajoritarian framework,Because few knowledgeable observers questioned Judge Borks superior qualifications, opposition to Bork quickly focused on his judicial philosophy. The focus on ideology raised a crucial i ssue as to whether it was proper for the Senate to reject for ideological reasons an otherwise qualified nominee. (Vieira, and Gross vii)On the other hand, for those whom subscribe to the majoritarian school of thought, an increasingly influential approach to the relationship between the United States Supreme Court and public opinion, the belief is that the justices are not only not insulated from public opinion but that public opinion affects the justices good in terms of the types of cases they hold to decide each year (OBrien 165), what legal justifications that justices choose to rely on when deciding particularly contentious cases (Waltenburg, and Swinford 242), and whether to uphold or overturn longstanding legal precedents (Norrander, and Wilcox 707).Such assumptions, that public opinion does matter and that it matters significantly, have several significant implications if they are true. First, selecting politics over merit when deciding whom to nominate to the United Stat es Supreme Court may be overrated much specifically, justices will rasetually be more(prenominal) than sensitive to public opinion than the political alliances that earned them the nomination in the setoff place.They will, after all, be freed of the need to sustain the political alliances after confirmation as a result of their lifetime tenure whereas they will always be judged by public opinion. A case in point was the Republican nomination of Warren Burger. He was known to have been a conservative with a strict construction approach to the interpretation of the United States Constitution. In short, from a countermajoritarian point of view, Burger had retardmed an extraordinarily safe(p) political choice for the United States Supreme Court.The reality, however, was that as the 15th Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, Burger began to rule in ways that shocked his initial supporters. Rather than shunning public opinion, as his supporters cherished on issues suc h as race, he has since become known as one of the more activist Chief Judges in the history of the United States Supreme Court. The countermajoritarian school of thought cannot answer for for such a shift in judicial behavior, and this is a major flaw in this particular analytical framework.Burger is much better understood, as is the United States Supreme Court more generally, by employing a majoritarian framework that accounts for public opinion in addition to underlying political alliances or political philosophies. Second, if these assumptions are true, then public opinion matters. That means that studying the United States Supreme Court in isolation, rather than in conjunction with other related social factors such as public opinion, is a flawed approach.The better analytical framework is the majoritarian approach which, though a minority approach, accomplishes ii important objectives. Initially, by accounting for and analyzing more carefully the relationship between publi c opinion and the United States Supreme Court, courts like Burgers can be better understood and better explained in addition, the majoritarian approach legitimizes public opinion as a part of the national debate with respect to legal issues of public interest rather than curb these issues to nine distant justices in a mysterious ivory tower.If one of the main functions of the justices is to safeguard the authenticity of the American constitution, a document conceived of and designed to protect the public generally, then sound policy demands public participation and influence. There are two main questions to be determined. First, does the countermajoritarian or the majoritarian framework better explain how the United States Supreme Court functions? Second, and related to the first issue, which model better contributes to the legitimacy of the United States Supreme Court and its legal decisions.C. Main Questions 1. Countermajoritarian or Majoritarian A Threshold Issue Although the United States Supreme Court is one of the most heavily studied American institutions, there remain significant differences of opinion regarding the nature of the relationship between the Supreme Court and public opinion. One of the more heavy debates among legal scholars, political scientists, and historians centers on whether the United States Supreme Court is in essence a countermajoritarian institution or a majoritarian institution.This debate has important implications. Those that conceptualize that the countermajoritarian model best characterizes the actual function and operation of the United States Supreme Court to a fault range to view the Supreme Court as being largely insulated from public opinion on the other hand those that believe that the majoritarian framework best characterizes the Supreme Court tend to believe that public opinion, to some surviving, affects the function, operations, and the ultimate legal decisions of the Supreme Court.How one resolves this deb ate, therefore, pervasively affects American commandment indeed, Much constitutional discourse is predicated on the assumption that the United States Supreme Court is a counter-majoritarian institution, and prescriptive theories supporting the exercise of judicial review are seen, by some, as having to accommodate that fact. (Solimine, and Walker n. p). Should this fundamental assumption be proven to be incorrect, and there is a growing body of research that suggests that it may be incorrect, then the constitutional discourse and the normative theories that have flowed from the traditional countermajoritarian characterization of the Supreme Court may be similarly flawed and incorrect.In short, a sceptre determination needs to be made. This threshold question, as is relevant to the relationship between the United States Supreme Court and public opinion, is whether the Supreme Court is in fact a countermajoritarian institution as scholars have traditionally assumed or a majoritarian institution as some modern scholars argue. 2. Supreme Court as Arbiter of LegitimacyIn addition and intimately related to the aforementioned characterization debate, scholars have also examined the relationship of the United States Supreme Court and public opinion in terms of legitimacy more specifically, scholars have debated whether and to what extant Supreme Court decisions resolve contentious legal issues legitimately so far as public opinion is concerned and whether and to what extant legitimacy instead results from public opinion affecting the Supreme Court every directly or indirectly.In short, is the ultimate source of legitimacy regarding contentious legal issues the Supreme Court, public opinion, or the interplay between the two? This source of legitimacy debate is made more difficult by the fact that public opinion tends to be more responsive to a narrow range of legal issues or what has otherwise been referred to in the literature as landmark cases such as brownness v. Board of Education, Roe V. Wade, and, more recently, chaparral v.Gore. If this assumption is correct, that public opinion is only concerned with landmark cases, then the scope of academic interrogative must be significantly narrowed to this end, one scholar has noted that if we assume that only the vast national landmark cases affect public opinion, in essence, we are saying that the remainder of the Courts work is inconsequential, at least in terms of public opinion. (Hoekstra 3).An additional set of threshold questions, therefore, needs to address the more precise relationship between different types of Supreme Court cases and public opinion. Is the relationship relevant only with respect to national landmark cases? Does the relationship differ between landmark and non-landmark cases? This, in turn, demands an analysis which examines both the national and local effects of Supreme Court decisions. Indeed, acknowledging that Using national data, it may be manageable to connect cases such as Bush v.Gore to changes in public opinion and support for the Court (Hoekstra 3) one scholar has argued for engaging in a more nuanced analysis that examines localized effects as well by suggesting that beneath the noise may actually be systematic effectsones not comfortably detectable or the same for all citizensbut systematic nonetheless. If citizens learn about different Court decisions based on information available and salient to them, then looking for uniform national level effects is misguided. This does not mean that Court decisions are without national effect.If the Courts effect is more localizedeither in terms of geography or some other processwe might still see the effect of Court decisions on public opinion and that Court decisions might affect support for the Court on a national level. The process is just more subtle and possibly more gradual. another(prenominal) reason to look at local public opinion is that Court decisions frequently require active age nt murder, oftentimes by local officials. If the Court can change public opinion on the issues, or at least cast legitimacy on the policy under review, the probability of successful implementation is greatly enhanced (Hoekstra 3)Thus, in short, a second threshold set of questions addresses the extant to which scholars assume that relationships between the Supreme Court and public opinion are limited to national landmark cases or whether the relationship can be extended according to local effects and conditions. C. Benefits of a Majoritarian Approach The first bring in of a majoritarian approach is rather intuitive more specifically, because legal issues affect the public then the publics opinion ought to be considered.Although this essay also argues that public opinion is relevant in disputes that may not be considered landmark cases, the evidence strongly supports the proposition that public opinion particularly affects national landmark cases and that landmark cases decided by t he United States Supreme Court tend to affect public opinion. What complicates a proper characterization of the court derives from different historical relationships between the court and the United States Supreme Court. Traditionally, the American public did view the justices as enlightened individuals whom didnt require public input.This sort of public trust justified, in the past, the countermajoritarian approach indeed, with respect to general public opinion, the justices were significantly insulated. One leading scholar, paper in 1957, stated that Until recently, the attitude of Americans toward the Supreme Court recalled with singular fidelity that with which, according to Burke, Englishmen of a cytosine and a half ago should have looked upon the institutions of their country We ought to understand it according to our measure and to venerate where we are not able to understand. (Schwartz iii). This concern, this assumption that the public can no long-acting understand the legal issues presented to the United States Supreme Court, is no longer an accurate description of the American public quite the contrary, the public regularly criticizes Supreme Court decisions, it more carefully follows potential and actual nominations to the highest court in the land, and through a variety of groups and organization it attempts to influence the court by presenting friend of the court legal briefs on virtually every type of imaginable case.What has emerged more recently is a United States Supreme Court that is besieged by rather than isolated from public opinion one scholar has noted that even presidents attempt to influence the justices, stating that presidents can influence the Supreme Court beyond the appointments process. (Martinek, n. p. ). From the unemployed mother raise in an abortion issue to competing presidential candidates seeking a favorable ruling the United States Supreme Court has become, for better or worse, Americas arbiter of last resort.This change in the way the public perceives and interacts with the United States Supreme Court is the first reason why the countermajoritarian framework is no longer the best approach for analyzing the justices or the relationship between the Supreme Court and public opinion. The detached veneration of the public is a relic of the past and has been replaced by a greater public awareness. This greater public awareness, however, cannot be overstated to be sure, though Shifting majorities of the public do disagree with many decisions, to the finish they perceive them, or are simply ignorant of the great mass of the Courts jurisprudence. (Solimine, and Walker, n. p. ) There are, therefore, gaps in the publics knowledge about the nature of the Supreme Courts power and the underlying issues. This infirm knowledge, however, does not render public opinion marginal or irrelevant. It simply suggests that public opinion may at times be somewhat irrational both a rational and an irrational public opinion can affect the Supreme Court and the majoritarian approach can be adapted to account for an idealized public which possesses an advanced understanding of complex legal issues and an imperfect public which sometimes reacts in less than informed ways.In short, the majoritarian approach is better able to incorporate the complex interactions between the United States Supreme Court than the rigidly overage countermajoritarian model. In addition to the fact that public perceptions and demands have changed over time, it is also evident that legal precedents have been modified or overturned in response to public opinion. rough of the more well-known cases illustrating this fact have involved controversial issues dealing with racial segregation, abortion, and civil rights more generally.A countermajoritarian framework would assume that the justices would be significantly isolated from the public in cases such as Brown v. Board of Education and Roe v. Wade. Had these justices been insulated, it is entirely plausible that these cases would never have reached the United States Supreme Court, and if they had, that they would have been decided differently. The majoritarian model, on the other, admits that these issues were, to some extant, forced upon the United States Supreme Court and that the justices accommodated public opinion by resolving important national issues.This framework further contributes to an ultimate type of legitimacy with respect to the judicial decisions, even if the legitimacy remains challenged by some members of the public, because it treats the decision as a sort of co-op effort between the United States Supreme Court and the American public. These decisions, in turn affected public opinion. More people accepted racial integration, more people accepted abortion, and more people came to believe that George W. Bush was entitled to the highest office in the land. In Brown v. Board of Education, for instance, the public was badly divided u p regarding issues of racial segregation.While it is true that the modern trend was toward integration the sad fact was that many members of the public, including states, resisted attempts to integrate the races more completely as a result, pressure was brought to bear on the United States Supreme Court. On the one hand, there was a notion that the federal government shouldnt interfere too much in state affairs on the other hand, there was also a growing public credit rating that only a decision by the United States Supreme Court, and not any actions by the executive or legislative branches alone, would settle the issues legitimately across the country (Klarman 348).A countermajoritarian framework would instead assume, and incorrectly so, that the justices themselves suddenly decided that racial segregation was unconstitutional rather than attributing a great deal of credit to the American public. The majoritarian model can both predict and explain cases such as Brown v. Board of Education. D. finding In the final analysis, the United States Supreme Court is best analyzed when accounting for the influence of public opinion on its operational and decision-making process.This necessitates shifting toward a more majoritarian approach that also analyzes why and how legitimacy is often a function of the interaction of the Supreme Court and public opinion rather than the outdated view of the justices as isolated wise-men immune to public scrutiny or understanding. Works Cited Davis, Richard. Electing Justice hangout the Supreme Court Nomination Process. cutting York Oxford University Press, 2005. Questia. 16 July 2009 . Greenberg, David. The unfermented Politics of Supreme Court Appointments. Daedalus 134.3 (2005) 5+. Questia. 16 July 2009 . Hoekstra, Valerie J. Public Reaction to Supreme Court Decisions. Cambridge, England Cambridge University Press, 2003. Questia. 16 July 2009 . Klarman, Michael J. From Jim Crow to Civil Rights The Supreme Court and the Str uggle for Racial Equality. New York Oxford University Press, 2004. Questia. 16 July 2009 . Lasser, William. The Limits of Judicial Power The Supreme Court in American Politics.Chapel Hill, NC University of North Carolina Press, 1988. Questia. 16 July 2009 . Martinek, Wendy L. Popular Justice Presidential Prestige and Executive Success in the Supreme Court. Presidential Studies Quarterly 33. 3 (2003) 692+. Questia. 16 July 2009 . Norrander, Barbara, and Clyde Wilcox. Public Opinion and insurance policymaking in the States The Case of Post-Roe Abortion Policy. Policy Studies Journal 27. 4 (1999) 707. Questia. 16 July 2009 . OBrien, David M. The Supreme Court in American Politics The Supreme Court in American Politics. New York W. W. Norton, 2000. Questia. 16 July 2009 . Perry, Barbara A. The Cult of the Robe The U. S. Supreme Court in the American Mind. Social Education 66. 1 (2002) 30+. 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Policy Studies Journal 27. 2 (1999) 242. Questia. 16 July 2009 .